Table 4.
Associations between the husbands’ cumulative lifetime use of specific chemicals and ESRD, among wives who reported no prior pesticide use, Agricultural Health Study, 1993–1997 through December 31, 2011.
|
Non-cases N=13,653
|
ESRD cases N=64
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pesticide | Lifetime-days of exposure | N | % | N | % | HR | 95% CI | p For trend |
| FUNGICIDES | ||||||||
| Chlorothalonil | 0.0 | 12,029 | 92.2 | 56 | 90.3 | – | – | |
| 1.0–45.2 | 574 | 4.4 | 3 | 4.8 | 1.21 | 0.41, 3.62 | ||
| >45.2 | 444 | 3.4 | 3 | 4.8 | 1.61 | 0.54, 4.79 | ||
| 0.3944 | ||||||||
| HERBICIDES | ||||||||
| Triazine herbicides | ||||||||
| Atrazine | 0.0 | 3853 | 29.8 | 20 | 34.5 | – | – | |
| 1.0–40.6 | 4465 | 34.5 | 19 | 32.8 | 0.91 | 0.49, 1.71 | ||
| >40.6–733.0 | 4626 | 35.7 | 19 | 32.8 | 0.76 | 0.41, 1.43 | ||
| 0.4091 | ||||||||
| Cyanazine | 0.0 | 7343 | 60.6 | 26 | 54.2 | – | – | |
| 1.0–37.2 | 2958 | 24.4 | 11 | 22.9 | 1.12 | 0.55, 2.27 | ||
| >37.2−262.9 | 1823 | 15.0 | 11 | 22.9 | 1.63 | 0.81, 3.31 | ||
| 0.1757 | ||||||||
| Metribuzina | 0.0 | 5034 | 67.6 | 21 | 65.6 | – | – | |
| 1.0–22.3 | 1656 | 22.3 | 6 | 18.8 | 1.00 | 0.41, 2.46 | ||
| 422.3–105.0 | 752 | 10.1 | 5 | 15.6 | 1.82 | 0.69, 4.76 | ||
| 0.217 | ||||||||
| Chloroacetanilide herbicides | ||||||||
| Alachlor | 0.0 | 5715 | 47.7 | 17 | 34.0 | – | – | |
| 1.0–37.5 | 3470 | 29.0 | 17 | 34.0 | 1.64 | 0.84, 3.21 | ||
| >37.5–491.4 | 2784 | 23.3 | 16 | 32.0 | 1.72 | 0.87, 3.40 | ||
| 0.2227 | ||||||||
| Metolachlor | 0.0 | 6690 | 55.7 | 26 | 54.2 | – | – | |
| 1.0–43.9 | 3118 | 26.0 | 11 | 22.9 | 1.05 | 0.52, 2.13 | ||
| >43.9–361.7 | 2194 | 18.3 | 11 | 22.9 | 1.36 | 0.67, 2.75 | ||
| 0.3934 | ||||||||
| Thiocarbamate herbicide | ||||||||
| Butylatea | 0.0 | 5678 | 76.3 | 17 | 54.8 | – | – | |
| 1.0–22.8 | 1025 | 13.8 | 7 | 22.6 | 2.70 | 1.12, 6.52 | ||
| >22.8–718.7 | 736 | 9.9 | 7 | 22.6 | 3.26 | 1.35, 7.87 | ||
| 0.0096 | ||||||||
| EPTC | 0.0 | 9835 | 81.7 | 40 | 83.3 | – | – | |
| 1.0–24.6 | 1561 | 13.0 | 4 | 8.3 | 0.83 | 0.31, 2.23 | ||
| >24.6–177.0 | 639 | 5.3 | 4 | 8.3 | 1.89 | 0.70, 5.10 | ||
| 0.2184 | ||||||||
| Dinitroaniline herbicides | ||||||||
| Pendimethalina | 0.0 | 4892 | 66.5 | 22 | 73.3 | – | – | |
| 1.0–51.5 | 2025 | 27.5 | 4 | 13.3 | 0.54 | 0.19, 1.54 | ||
| >51.5–718.7 | 438 | 6.0 | 4 | 13.3 | 2.49 | 0.88, 7.05 | ||
| 0.0622 | ||||||||
| Trifluralin | 0.0 | 5976 | 49.6 | 23 | 46.9 | – | – | |
| 1.0–36.9 | 2914 | 24.2 | 13 | 26.5 | 1.31 | 0.66, 2.59 | ||
| >36.9–357.5 | 3156 | 26.2 | 13 | 26.5 | 0.99 | 0.50, 1.95 | ||
| 0.8328 | ||||||||
| Phenoxy herbicide | ||||||||
| 2,4-D | 0.0 | 3349 | 26.1 | 17 | 28.3 | – | – | |
| 1.0–51.0 | 5063 | 39.4 | 22 | 36.7 | 0.94 | 0.50, 1.77 | ||
| >51.0–1032.5 | 4429 | 34.5 | 21 | 35.0 | 0.75 | 0.40, 1.42 | ||
| 0.3455 | ||||||||
| Other herbicides | ||||||||
| Chlorimuron ethyla | 0.0 | 5287 | 71.7 | 22 | 71.0 | – | – | |
| 1.0–7.5 | 922 | 12.5 | 5 | 16.1 | 1.76 | 0.67, 4.61 | ||
| >7.5–718.7 | 1162 | 15.8 | 4 | 12.9 | 1.02 | 0.36, 2.88 | ||
| 0.9876 | ||||||||
| Dicamba | 0.0 | 6277 | 52.7 | 23 | 47.9 | – | – | |
| 1.0–25.3 | 3175 | 26.6 | 13 | 27.1 | 1.30 | 0.66, 2.57 | ||
| >25.3–262.9 | 2463 | 20.7 | 12 | 25.0 | 1.42 | 0.7, 2.86 | ||
| 0.3802 | ||||||||
| Glyphosate | 0.0 | 3489 | 27.1 | 18 | 31.0 | – | – | |
| 1.0 to 20.3 | 4668 | 36.3 | 20 | 34.5 | 0.91 | 0.48, 1.71 | ||
| >20.3–1006.1 | 4712 | 36.6 | 20 | 34.5 | 0.89 | 0.47, 1.68 | ||
| 0.7925 | ||||||||
| Imazethapyr | 0.0 | 7067 | 59.6 | 30 | 61.2 | – | – | |
| 1.0–18.1 | 2955 | 24.9 | 10 | 20.4 | 0.97 | 0.47, 1.99 | ||
| >18.1–49.9 | 1831 | 15.4 | 9 | 18.4 | 1.47 | 0.69, 3.10 | ||
| 0.3237 | ||||||||
| Paraquata | 0.0 | 6319 | 84.8 | 24 | 80.0 | – | – | |
| 1.0–15.4 | 649 | 8.7 | 3 | 10.0 | 1.36 | 0.43, 4.30 | ||
| >15.4–102.8 | 486 | 6.5 | 3 | 10.0 | 1.78 | 0.56, 5.62 | ||
| 0.3201 | ||||||||
| Petroleum Oila | 0.0 | 6077 | 82.2 | 23 | 74.2 | – | – | |
| 1.0–30.0 | 772 | 10.4 | 4 | 12.9 | 1.75 | 0.62, 4.92 | ||
| >30.0–737.5 | 543 | 7.3 | 4 | 12.9 | 2.13 | 0.76, 5.98 | ||
| 0.1562 | ||||||||
| INSECTICIDES | ||||||||
| Organochlorine insecticides | ||||||||
| DDTa | 0.0 | 5925 | 79.8 | 19 | 67.9 | – | – | |
| 1.0–8.8 | 752 | 10.1 | 5 | 17.9 | 1.36 | 0.49, 3.80 | ||
| >8.8–236.0 | 745 | 10.0 | 4 | 14.3 | 1.11 | 0.37, 3.35 | ||
| 0.8801 | ||||||||
| Toxaphenea | 0.0 | 6635 | 88.8 | 25 | 80.6 | – | – | |
| 1.0–24.7 | 534 | 7.2 | 3 | 9.7 | 1.38 | 0.44, 4.36 | ||
| >24.7–48.2 | 299 | 4.0 | 3 | 9.7 | 2.10 | 0.66, 6.68 | ||
| 0.2042 | ||||||||
| Organophosphate insecticides | ||||||||
| Chlorpyrifos | 0.0 | 7735 | 59.5 | 45 | 72.6 | – | – | |
| 1.0–44.6 | 3621 | 27.9 | 9 | 14.5 | 0.49 | 0.24, 1.01 | ||
| >44.6–213.0 | 1643 | 12.6 | 8 | 12.9 | 0.91 | 0.43, 1.93 | ||
| 0.9139 | ||||||||
| Dichlorvos | 0.0 | 11,120 | 91.6 | 45 | 84.9 | – | – | |
| 1.0–33.5 | 540 | 4.4 | 4 | 7.5 | 2.08 | 0.78, 5.56 | ||
| >33.5–2585.5 | 476 | 3.9 | 4 | 7.5 | 2.18 | 0.81, 5.83 | ||
| 0.1254 | ||||||||
| Fonofos | 0.0 | 9776 | 80.0 | 37 | 77.1 | – | – | |
| 1.0–24.1 | 1474 | 12.1 | 6 | 12.5 | 1.18 | 0.5, 2.74 | ||
| >24.1–213.0 | 973 | 8.0 | 5 | 10.4 | 1.38 | 0.55, 3.42 | ||
| 0.4879 | ||||||||
| Malathiona | 0.0 | 3035 | 41.7 | 11 | 40.7 | – | – | |
| 1.0–13.5 | 1955 | 26.9 | 8 | 29.6 | 1.18 | 0.47, 2.93 | ||
| >13.5–217.0 | 2282 | 31.4 | 8 | 29.6 | 0.87 | 0.35, 2.16 | ||
| 0.6703 | ||||||||
| Phoratea | 0.0 | 5386 | 72.6 | 18 | 62.1 | – | – | |
| 1.0–18.1 | 1005 | 13.5 | 6 | 20.7 | 1.91 | 0.76, 4.77 | ||
| >18.1–360.1 | 1029 | 13.9 | 5 | 17.2 | 1.42 | 0.53, 3.77 | ||
| 0.4921 | ||||||||
| Terbufos | 0.0 | 7634 | 62.9 | 32 | 62.7 | – | – | |
| 1.0–37.5 | 2683 | 22.1 | 10 | 19.6 | 1.03 | 0.51, 2.10 | ||
| >37.5–357.5 | 1826 | 15.0 | 9 | 17.6 | 1.16 | 0.55, 2.43 | ||
| 0.6967 | ||||||||
| Carbamate insecticides | ||||||||
| Carbaryla | 0.0 | 4454 | 61.3 | 19 | 67.9 | – | – | |
| 1.0–19.1 | 1333 | 18.3 | 5 | 17.9 | 0.86 | 0.33, 2.28 | ||
| >19.1–1237.5 | 1482 | 20.4 | 4 | 14.3 | 0.53 | 0.18, 1.54 | ||
| 0.2547 | ||||||||
| Carbofuran | 0.0 | 9022 | 74.7 | 35 | 72.9 | – | – | |
| 1.0–53.1 | 2485 | 20.6 | 7 | 14.6 | 0.66 | 0.30, 1.46 | ||
| >53.1–236.0 | 578 | 4.8 | 6 | 12.5 | 2.22 | 0.95, 5.19 | ||
| 0.0536 | ||||||||
ESRD=End-stage renal disease; HR=Hazard Ratio; CI=Confidence Interval.
a
Data only available for wives whose husbands returned the take-home questionnaire.