Table 1.

Bioassays of Cry19Aa alanine muteins to the larvae of Culex pipiens and Aedes aegypti

Toxin	C. pipiens*	A. aegypti†
	LC50 (ng mL−1)	Mortality (%) at 100 μg mL−1
Cry19Aa	149 (103–205)	61.1
Loop 0
Y324A	> 20 000‡	11.1
F325A	2790 (1730–4900)	33.3
Loop 1
Y356A	198 (81–701)	16.7
W357A	> 20 000§	0
Loop 2
Y410A	> 20 000¶	0
E411A	189 (148–243)	18.8
Y412A	2440 (2310–2580)	0
I413A	289 (225–389)	5.6
Y414A	1210 (1150–1260)	0
W416A	> 20 000||	0
D418A	> 20 000**	0
V420A	1760 (1680–1830)	5.3
Loop 3
T484A	2920 (2740–3110)	5.0
F485A	> 20 000††	16.7
Surface
T390A	224 (162–317)	50.0
T610A	105 (45–168)	38.9

Bioassays used inclusion crystal proteins and spore purified from Bacillus thuringiensis transformants.

^{*, †}Larval stages and mortality check times were 4th instar and 24 h for C. pipiens, and 2nd instar and 24 h for A. aegypti.

^‡43.3% mortality was observed at this dose.

^§16.1% mortality was observed.

^¶38.7% mortality was observed.

^||25.8% mortality was observed.

^**32.3% mortality was observed.

^††9.7% mortality was observed.