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Calculated molecular limit of detection as a function of detectable binding ratio for label-free biosensors based on Langmuir isotherm. The detectable binding ratio is defined by the total available binding sites (Bn) divided by the minimum numbers of detectable bound molecular (NIod). The grey region shows the LOD of the label-free biosensors estimated based on the values of dissociate constant (KD) from commonly used cytokine antibodies in literature [74, 93–95].
