Table 3.
Covariates according to early pregnancy craving type among 2,022 participants in Project Viva
| Any Cravings | Sweet | Salty | Savory | Starchy | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n=2022 |
No n=1115 |
Yes n=907 |
None/ Secondary n=1579 |
Primary n=443 |
None/ Secondary n=1797 |
Primary n=225 |
None/ Secondary n=1761 |
Primary n=261 |
None/ Secondary n=1922 |
Primary n=100 |
|
| N (%) | |||||||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||||
| Black | 329 (16.3) | 158 (14.2) | 171 (18.9) | 244 (15.5) | 85 (19.2) | 285 (15.9) | 44 (19.6) | 272 (15.4) | 57 (21.8) | 316 (16.4) | 13 (13.0) |
| Hispanic | 147 (7.3) | 76 (6.8) | 71 (7.8) | 111 (7.0) | 36 (8.1) | 135 (7.5) | 12 (5.3) | 119 (6.8) | 28 (10.7) | 138 (7.2) | 9 (9.0) |
| Asian | 110 (5.4) | 74 (6.6) | 36 (4.0) | 97 (6.1) | 13 (2.9) | 99 (5.5) | 11 (4.9) | 102 (5.8) | 8 (3.1) | 106 (5.5) | 4 (4.0) |
| White | 1360 (67.3) | 780 (70.0) | 580 (63.9) | 1081 (68.5) | 279 (63.0) | 1212 (67.4) | 148 (65.8) | 1206 (68.5) | 154 (59.0) | 1290 (67.1) | 70 (70.0) |
| Other | 76 (3.8) | 27 (2.4) | 49 (5.4) | 46 (2.9) | 30 (6.8) | 66 (3.7) | 10 (4.4) | 62 (3.5) | 14 (5.4) | 72 (3.7) | 4 (4.0) |
| College graduate | |||||||||||
| No | 707 (35.0) | 365 (32.7) | 342 (37.7) | 533 (33.8) | 174 (39.3) | 633 (35.2) | 74 (32.9) | 591 (33.6) | 116 (44.4) | 676 (35.2) | 31 (31.0) |
| Yes | 1315 (65.0) | 750 (67.3) | 565 (62.3) | 1046 (66.2) | 269 (60.7) | 1164 (64.8) | 151 (67.1) | 1170 (66.4) | 145 (55.6) | 1246 (64.8) | 69 (69.0) |
| Married or cohabitating | |||||||||||
| No | 170 (8.4) | 75 (6.7) | 95 (10.5) | 118 (7.5) | 52 (11.7) | 149 (8.3) | 21 (9.3) | 135 (7.7) | 35 (13.4) | 161 (8.4) | 9 (9.0) |
| Yes | 1851 (91.6) | 1039 (93.3) | 812 (89.5) | 1460 (92.5) | 391 (88.3) | 1647 (91.7) | 204 (90.7) | 1625 (92.3) | 226 (86.6) | 1760 (91.6) | 91 (91.0) |
| Smoking during pregnancy | |||||||||||
| No | 1758 (87.5) | 982 (88.9) | 776 (85.8) | 1386 (88.4) | 372 (84.2) | 1566 (87.8) | 192 (85.3) | 1531 (87.5) | 227 (87.3) | 1666 (87.3) | 92 (92.0) |
| Yes | 251 (12.5) | 123 (11.1) | 128 (14.2) | 181 (11.6) | 70 (15.8) | 218 (12.2) | 33 (14.7) | 218 (12.5) | 33 (12.7) | 243 (12.7) | 8 (8.0) |
| Nausea for > 7 days | |||||||||||
| No | 972 (48.2) | 576 (51.8) | 396 (43.7) | 785 (49.8) | 187 (42.2) | 885 (49.4) | 87 (38.7) | 856 (48.7) | 116 (44.4) | 942 (49.1) | 30 (30.3) |
| Yes | 1046 (51.8) | 536 (48.2) | 510 (56.3) | 790 (50.2) | 256 (57.8) | 908 (50.6) | 138 (61.3) | 901 (51.3) | 145 (55.6) | 977 (50.9) | 69 (69.7) |
| Parity | |||||||||||
| 0 | 972 (48.1) | 555 (49.8) | 417 (46.0) | 773 (49.0) | 199 (44.9) | 859 (47.8) | 113 (50.2) | 858 (48.7) | 114 (43.7) | 920 (47.9) | 52 (52.0) |
| 1–2 | 959 (47.4) | 512 (45.9) | 447 (49.3) | 734 (46.5) | 225 (50.8) | 853 (47.5) | 106 (47.1) | 826 (46.9) | 133 (51.0) | 914 (47.6) | 45 (45.0) |
| 3+ | 91 (4.5) | 48 (4.3) | 43 (4.7) | 72 (4.6) | 19 (4.3) | 85 (4.7) | 6 (2.7) | 77 (4.4) | 14 (5.4) | 88 (4.6) | 3 (3.0) |
| Previous GDM | |||||||||||
| No | 1979 (97.9) | 1091 (97.8) | 888 (98.0) | 1541 (97.7) | 438 (98.9) | 1755 (97.7) | 224 (99.6) | 1726 (98.1) | 253 (96.9) | 1880 (97.9) | 99 (99.0) |
| Yes | 42 (2.1) | 24 (2.2) | 18 (2.0) | 37 (2.3) | 5 (1.1) | 41 (2.3) | 1 (0.4) | 34 (1.9) | 8 (3.1) | 41 (2.1) | 1 (1.0) |
| Glucose category* | |||||||||||
| Normal | 1663 (82.2) | 912 (81.8) | 751 (82.8) | 1308 (82.8) | 355 (80.1) | 1464 (81.5) | 199 (88.4) | 1442 (81.9) | 221 (84.7) | 1575 (81.9) | 88 (88.0) |
| IH | 179 (8.9) | 98 (8.8) | 81 (8.9) | 135 (8.5) | 44 (9.9) | 162 (9.0) | 17 (7.6) | 160 (9.1) | 19 (7.3) | 173 (9.0) | 6 (6.0) |
| IGT | 63 (3.1) | 35 (3.1) | 28 (3.1) | 46 (2.9) | 17 (3.8) | 58 (3.2) | 5 (2.2) | 56 (3.2) | 7 (2.7) | 60 (3.1) | 3 (3.0) |
| GDM | 117 (5.8) | 70 (6.3) | 47 (5.2) | 90 (5.7) | 27 (6.1) | 113 (6.3) | 4 (1.8) | 103 (5.8) | 14 (5.4) | 114 (5.9) | 3 (3.0) |
| Mean +/− SD | |||||||||||
| Age, years | 31.8 +/− 5.2 | 32.1 +/− 4.9 | 31.5 +/− 5.6 | 31.9 +/− 5.1 | 31.5 +/− 5.6 | 31.9 +/− 5.1 | 30.9 +/− 6.1 | 31.9 +/− 5.1 | 31.1 +/− 5.8 | 31.9 +/− 5.2 | 31.3 +/− 5.7 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.9 +/− 5.5 | 24.9 +/− 5.5 | 24.9 +/− 5.5 | 24.8 +/− 5.4 | 25.2 +/− 5.8 | 24.9 +/− 5.5 | 24.2 +/− 5.5 | 24.9 +/− 5.5 | 24.9 +/− 5.4 | 24.9 +/− 5.5 | 23.6 +/− 4.6 |
*
IH- Isolated Hyperglycemia; IGT- Impaired glucose tolerance; GDM- gestational diabetes