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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Oct 29;157:150–157. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.027

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Subgroup Analyses of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Pain Medications and Emergency Department Utilization, NSDUH 2008–2013

NMU=Non-medical use; SUD=Substance use disorder. All models adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, insurance, family income, employment, marital status, rural location, survey year, self-rated health, past year serious psychological distress, abuse or dependence of alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit drugs (heroin, cocaine, hallucinogens and inhalants), non-medical use of other prescription medications, and nicotine dependence. Referent=Individuals without past year non-medical use in specified subgroup.