Table 2.
Sphingomyelin regulation by HFD or fatty acids.
| Tissue | Experimental model | Sphingomyelin species | Alteration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver | 60% HFD for 5 weeks in Wistar rats | NS | Increased | [40] |
| 34% HFD for 3 weeks in Wistar rats | SM16:0, SM18:0, and SM18:1 | Increased (nuclei) | [29] | |
| SM16:0, SM18:0 | Increased (total) | |||
| 58% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | NS | Increased | [54] | |
|
| ||||
| Skeletal muscle | 60% HFD for 6 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | SM18:1 | Increased | [41] |
| SM18:0, total SM | Decreased | |||
|
| ||||
| Adipose tissue | 42% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | SM14:0, SM16:0, SM16:1 SM18:0, and SM18:1 | Increased | [11] |
|
| ||||
| Plasma/serum | 45% HFD for 14 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | SM16:0, SM18:0, SM16:1, SM18:1, and SM22:1 | Increased | [33] |
| 58% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | NS | Increased | [54] | |
|
| ||||
| Heart | 60% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice | SM 16:0, SM18:0, and SM18:1 | Increased | [15] |
| 41% palmitate-enriched HFD for 12 weeks in C57BL/6 | SM16:0, SM20:0, SM24:0, and SM24:1 | Increased | [98] | |
NS = not specified.