Table 3.

Sphingosine and S1P regulation by HFD or fatty acids.

Tissue	Experimental model	Species	Alteration	Reference
Liver	0.3 mM palmitate for ≤24 h in primary rat hepatocyte	S1P	Increased	[43]
	30% HFD with 40% fructose for 2 weeks in Syrian Golden hamsters	Sphingosine	Increased	[39]
		S1P	No Change
	60% HFD for 5 weeks in Wistar rats	Sphingosine, S1P	No Change	[40]
	58% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	Sphingosine	Increased	[54]
Skeletal Muscle	60% HFD for 6 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	Sphingosine, S1P	No Change	[41]
	0.75 mM palmitate for 16 h in C2C12 cells	S1P	Increased	[65]
	1.25 mM palmitate for 14 h in C2C12 cells	S1P	Increased	[14]
		Sphingosine	No Change
	0.75 mM palmitate for 16 h in primary mouse myotube	S1P	Increased	[48]
Adipose tissue	58% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	Sphingosine	Increased	[54]
Plasma	42% HFD for 6 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	S1P	Increased	[42]
	42% HFD for 6 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	S1P	Increased	[8]
	58% HFD for 16 weeks in C57BL/6 mice	S1P	Increased	[54]
		Sphingosine	Increased