Table 1.

Natural polyphenols as anticancer agents.

Bioactive components	Plants	Cancer models	Molecular mechanisms	References	Clinical trials references
Artichoke polyphenols	Artichoke	(i) Hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer cell lines	Apoptosis	[118, 119]
		(ii) Breast cancer cell line	ROS/senescence, histone modifications, and DNA methylation	[28]
Chlorogenic acid	Coffee	Breast cancer cell lines	DNA methylation	[100]
Curcumin	Curcuma	(i) Lung cancer in mice	Apoptosis	[104]	Breast cancer Phase 2, [191] Colon rectal cancer Phase 1, [191]
		(ii) Pancreatic, prostate, and lung cancer cell lines	Histone modifications, DNA methylation, and miRNAs	[66]
Daidzein	Soy	Breast cancer cell lines	Apoptosis	[109]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	Green tea	(i) Hepatocellular carcinoma	miRNAs/apoptosis	[99]	Prostate cancer, [192] Leukaemia Phase 2, [193] Cancer prevention, [194]
		(ii) Skin cancer cell line	Histone modifications and DNA methylation	[92]
		(iii) Breast cancer stem cells	Inhibition of mammosphere formation	[153]
Genistein	Soy	(i) Prostate cancer cells and esophageal cell carcinoma	Histone modifications and DNA methylation	[111]
		(ii) Renal carcinoma cell line	Histone modifications and DNA methylation	[112]
		(iii) Breast cancer cell lines	Apoptosis	[109]
		(iv) Breast cancer cell lines	Oxidative stress	[110]
Ginsenoside Rg-3	Ginseng	Glioma cell lines	ROS/senescence	[135]
Lycopene	Tomato	Breast cancer cells	DNA methylation	[66]
Phenethyl isothiocyanate	Broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower	Prostate cancer cell lines	Histone modifications and DNA methylation	[82]
Pterostilbene	Blueberries	Breast cancer stem cells	NF-κB/miRNA488	[184]
Resveratrol	Red grapes, cranberries, blueberries, and nuts	(i) Gastric cancer cell lines	Sirtuins/senescence	[138]	Colorectal cancer Phase 1, [191] Multiple myeloma Phase 2, [191] Melanoma Phase 1, [191]
		(ii) Lung cancer cell lines	ROS/senescence	[134]
		(iii) Colon cancer cell lines	miRNAs	[106]
Sulforaphane	Broccoli, cabbage, and kale	(i) Colon cancer cells	Histone modifications	[79]
		(ii) Colon cancer in mice	Histone modifications	[80]
		(iii) Breast cancer stem cells	Wnt/β catenin self-renewal pathway modulation	[166]
		(iv) Pancreatic cancer stem cells	Hedgehog pathway activation	[165, 167]
Quercetin	Onions, buckwheat, and citrus	(i) Oral carcinoma in hamster	Apoptosis, histone modifications, and DNA methylation	[116]
		(ii) Pancreatic cancer cell lines and cancer stem cells	Apoptosis Inhibition self-renewal cell property	[169, 170]