Table 2.

Studies on hepatitis B surface antigen mutations associated with immune escape and failure to detect hepatitis B surface antigen

Ref.	Country	No. of patients	Type of study	Patients with HBsAg mutation, n (%)	Clinical significance	HBsAg mutation
Sticchi et al[77]	Italy	256	Cross-sectional	8 (3.1)	Detection failure; vaccine escape	G145R, T126I
Luongo et al[79]	Italy	1	Case report	1	Vaccine escape	M125T, T127P Q129H
Lee et al[66]	South Korea	1	Case report	1	Vaccine escape	G145R, P120Q, I126T
Seddigh-Tonekaboni et al[68]	United Kingdom	4		2	Vaccine escape	P142S, G145R, G145A
Ngui et al[73]	England, Wales	17	Cross-sectional	2 (12)	Vaccine escape	P120Q, F134Y, D144A, I126N
Carman et al[62]	Multinational	32	Cross-sectional	1	Vaccine escape	G145R
Laoi et al[78]	Ireland	32	Cross-sectional	6 (18.5)	Vaccine escape, detection failure	G145A, F134L, D144E, S143L
Foy et al[80]	United States	1	Case report	1	Immune escape	D144E

HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen.