Figure 2. Low latitude atmospheric circulation and high latitude temperature records over the interval 30 to 80 ka BP.

(a) The NGRIP ice core δ¹⁸O record³⁴ and integrated summer insolation for 65°N³⁵ with a τ (melting threshold) = 275 W m⁻², (b) the SC03 stalagmite δ¹⁸O record from Secret Cave, Gunung Mulu National Park, Borneo³², (c) δ¹⁸O records from the El Condor Cave (ELC) and the Cueva del Diamante (NAR) stalagmites from northern Peru⁶, and (d) the EDML δ¹⁸O record from Antarctica³³. The numbered grey boxes highlight the timing of DO events. The red circles indicate the timing of the two highest precision NH volcanic eruptions over this time interval, the Campanian (Campi Flegrei)²⁵ and Toba¹⁸ eruptions. No comparably well-dated SH volcanic eruptions exist over this time interval. Please see Supplementary Information for the timing of all radiometrically-dated eruptions over this time interval. Error bars on the NH eruption dates (2σ) are smaller than the symbols used.