Table 1.
All discovered putative toxins, together with a selected group of venom trace molecules, are classified according to their function. GenBank accession numbers (Acc. N°) and allergen names (Allergen) are shown. The presence of a secretion signal peptide (derived by SignalP) is marked with “x”. Also, proteins that exist in the exosome protein database ExoCarta are indicated with “x” (EX). The presence of the listed proteins in the preceding honeybee venom study on summer worker venom is marked with “x” (Summer worker), together with their presence in one of the current venom studies on winter worker and queen honeybees. When the protein was not found in our study, but could be detected by another proteome study, the x is between brackets. The results of standalone blasts against a venom sequence database, which reveals the existence of similar venom proteins and venom gland transcripts (Evidence) of other species (Species), are shown. Type of evidence: P = venom protein; T = venom gland transcript; EA = enzymatic activity; U = unknown.
| Name | Acc. N° | Allergen | SignalP | EX | Summer Worker | Winter Worker | Queen | Similar Venom Compound | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Evidence | Ref. | ||||||||
| A. Putative toxins | ||||||||||
| Esterases | ||||||||||
| Phospholipase A2-1 | gi|58585172 | Api m 1 | x | - | x | x | x | - | - | - |
| Phospholipase A2-2 | gi|110758297 | - | x | - | x | x | x | - | - | - |
| Group XV phospholipase A2 | gi|328791555 | - | x | - | x | - | - | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Acid phosphatase | gi|301601654 | Api m 3 | x | x | x | x | x | Nasonia vitripennis | P | [21] |
| Acid phosphatase 2 | gi|571531089 | - | x | x | x | x | x | Pteromalus puparum | T+EA | [22] |
| 5′-Nucleotidase | gi|66523706 | - | x | x | x | x | Gloydius blomhoffi | P | [23] | |
| Carboxylesterase | gi|187281550 | Api m 8 | x | x | x | x | Nasonia vitripennis | P | [21] | |
| Proteases and peptidases | ||||||||||
| CLIP serine protease | gi|571522677 | - | x | - | x | x | x | Bombus ignitus | P | [24] |
| CUB serine protease 1 | gi|58585116 | Api m 7 | x | - | x | x | x | Nasonia vitripennis | T | [21] |
| CUB serine protease 2 | gi|48101366 | - | x | - | x | x | x | Nasonia vitripennis | T | [21] |
| Putative trypsin | au9.g8903.t1 | - | x | - | x | - | x | Nasonia vitripennis | P | [21] |
| Serine protease snake | gi|328783264 | - | x | - | x | x | - | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase IV | gi|187281543 | Api m 5 | x | x | x | x | x | Vespula vulgaris | P | [25] |
| Serine carboxypeptidase | gi|226533687 | Api m 9 | x | x | x | x | x | Croatlus adamanteus | T | [26] |
| Prolylcarboxypeptidase | gi|328778095 | - | x | x | x | x | x | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Metalloprotease | gi|571501445 | - | x | x | x | x | x | Eulophus pennicornis | [27] | |
| Serine proteinase stubble | au9.g5504.t1 | - | x | - | - | - | x | Crotalus adamanteus | T | [26] |
| Protease inhibitors | ||||||||||
| Api m 6 | gi|94400907 | Api m 6 | x | x | x | x | - | - | - | |
| Serpin 1 | gi|328793022 | - | x | x | x | x | x | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Serpin 2 | gi|328791596 | - | x | x | x | x | x | Tityus bahiensis | T | [28] |
| Serpin 3 | gi|328780925 | - | x | x | x | x | Tityus bahiensis | T | [28] | |
| Antithrombin-III | gi|571552510 | - | x | x | - | - | x | Tityus bahiensis | T | [28] |
| Carbohydrate metabolism | ||||||||||
| Hyaluronidase | gi|58585182 | Api m 2 | x | - | x | x | x | Apis cerana | T | [29] |
| N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase | gi|328793712 | - | x | - | x | x | x | Boiga irregularis | T | [30] |
| Endochitinase | gi|66511507 | - | x | - | x | x | x | Nasonia vitripennis | T | [21] |
| Growth factors | ||||||||||
| Platelet-derived growth factor | gi|571515288 | - | x | x | x | x | x | Echis coloratus | T | [31] |
| Imaginal disc growth factor 4 | gi|571545715 | - | x | - | x | x | x | Chelonus inanitus | P | [32] |
| Major royal jelly proteins | ||||||||||
| MRJP8 | gi|58585070 | Api m 11.0101 | x | - | x | x | x | Chelonus inanitus | P | [32] |
| MRJP9 | gi|67010041 | Api m 11.0201 | x | - | x | x | x | Chelonus inanitus | P | [32] |
| Peptides | ||||||||||
| Melittin | gi|58585154 | Api m 4 | x | - | x | x | x | Vespula maculifrons | T | [33] |
| Apamin | gi|58585166 | - | x | - | x | x | x | - | - | - |
| Secapin | gi|58585180 | - | x | - | x | x | x | Vespa velutina nigrithorax | U | gi|33321084 |
| Other toxins | ||||||||||
| C-type lectin | gi|328792562 | - | x | - | x | - | - | - | - | - |
| Icarapin | gi|60115688 | Api m 10 | x | - | x | x | x | Apis cerana | T | [34] |
| B.Selected trace molecules | ||||||||||
| Secreted proteins | ||||||||||
| C1q-like protein | gi|221325614 | - | x | x | x | x | x | Nasonia vitripennis | P | [21] |
| Lysozyme c-1 | gi|506614822 | - | x | x | x | x | - | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Peptidoglycan-recognition protein SA | gi|254910928 | - | x | x | x | x | - | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Transferrin | gi|58585086 | - | x | x | x | - | - | Crotalus horridus | T | [35] |
| Modular serine protease | gi|328780689 | - | x | - | x | x | - | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Cathepsin F | gi|328788558 | - | x | - | x | x | x | Tityus bahiensis | T | [28] |
| Cathepsin K | au9.g225.t1 | - | x | - | x | x | - | Micrurus fulvius | T | [36] |
| Peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase | gi|328787622 | - | x | x | x | x | x | Boiga irregularis | T | [30] |
| Apolipophorins | gi|571543905 | - | x | x | x | x | - | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Dorsal-ventral patterning protein Sog | gi|328791019 | - | x | - | x | - | - | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Laminin subunit γ-1 | gi|571556732 | - | x | x | x | x | x | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Vitellogenin | gi|58585104 | Api m 12 | x | (x) | - | x | Bombus terrestris | P | [37] | |
| Glutathione S-transferase | gi|571577571 | - | x | - | - | x | Boiga irregularis | T | [30] | |
| Protein kinase C-binding protein NELL1 | au9.g225.t1 | - | x | - | - | - | x | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Odorant binding protein 14 | au9.g8525.t1 | - | x | - | (x) | x | - | - | - | - |
| Aldose 1-epimerase | gi|66541614 | - | x | x | - | x | - | Boiga irregularis | T | [30] |
| poly(U)-specific endoribonuclease | gi|110760204 | - | x | - | - | x | - | Ophiophagus hannah | P+T | [20] |
| Peritrophins 3-B | gi|288869483 | - | x | - | - | x | - | - | - | - |