Table 3.
Selected studies reporting CVDs-related parameters in foods/beverages using macroalgae or isolates as ingredients.
| Product | Seaweed Species | Relevant Results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Meat-based products | |||
| Gel/emulsion meat systems | Himanthalia elongate (HE), Undaria pinnatifida (UP), Porphyra umbilicalis (PU) at 2.5% or 5% | ↑ water- and fat-binding properties except in the case of PU at 2.5%. | [121] |
| Gel/emulsion meat systems | Himanthalia elongate (HE), Undaria pinnatifida (UP), Porphyra umbilicalis (PU) at 5.6% | All: ↑ n-3 PUFA and ↓ n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio; ↓ Na and ↑ K, Ca, Mg, Mn, antioxidants ↓ TI by for PU and UP | [122] |
| Low-fat frankfurters | Himanthalia elongata (HE) at 5.5% (algae plus 50% substitution of animal fat by olive oil) | Effect of HE add: little effect on lipid and amino acid profiles but ↑ dietary fiber content and Ca and ↓ Na/K ratios | [123] |
| Restructured meats | Himanthalia elongata at 5% | Effects in hypercholesterolemic rats: ↓ TC; ↑ expression CYP7A1 and Cu, Zn-SOD; ↓ expression CAT, Mn-SOD and GPx; | [127] |
| Restructured meats | Undaria pinnatifida (UP), Porphyra umbilicalis (PU) at 5% | Effects in hypercholesterolemic rats: PU = ↓ TC; ↑ expression Mn-SOD and CAT and AE activity; UP meat mainly had benefits as antioxidant | [131] |
| Restructured meats | Undaria pinnatifida (UP), Porphyra umbilicalis (PU) at 5% | UP moderately ameliorated the lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic rats: ↓ TC and VLDL-C | [132] |
| Restructured meats | Himanthalia elongata at 5% | Effects on hypercholesterolemic rats: ↑ AE activity; ↓ VLDL-C, ILDL-C + LDL-C | [130] |
| Pork/chicken patties | Laminaria japonica (LJ) (replacement of 2.25 g pork/chichen by 2.25 g LJ) | ↓ increased in postprandial glucose blood levels; ↓ TC and LDL-C | [133] |
| Others | |||
| Bread | Tridecapeptide IRLIIVLMPILMA from Palmaria palmata at 4% | Activity against renin IRLIIVLMPILMA maintained after baking process | [134] |
| Bread | Ascophyllum nodosum at 4% | Single blind cross over trial: ↓ in energy intake at a test meal 4 h later; no significant changes in Glc and cholesterol | [135] |
| Tea | Ecklonia cava (EC), Undaria pinnatifida (UP), Hizikia fusiforme (HF), Ulva pertusa (UP) | ACE inhibition IC50 (mg DW/mL): EC = 5.33 ± 0.24, UP = 26.4 ± 1.05, HF = 7.79 ± 0.46; UP = ND | [136] |
AE—arylesterase; ACE—angiotensin I converting enzyme; AI—atherogenic index; CAT—catalase; Glc—glucose; IDL-C—intermediate density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C—low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PUFA—polynsaturated fatty acids; SOD—superoxide dismutase; TC—plasma total cholesterol; TG—plasma total triglycerides; VLDL-C—very low density lipoprotein cholesterol; ↓ decrement; ↑increase.