Table 2.

Summary of studies characterising the impact of omega-3 PUFAs on glucose homeostasis.

Study	Model	Protocol	Key findings
Delarue et al. (1996) [89]	Human (healthy)	3 weeks, 1.1 g EPA, 0.7 g DHA daily	Reduction in insulinemia with an increase in non-oxidative glucose metabolism. Shift towards fat oxidation following a glucose load.
Delarue et al. (2006) [127]	Human (healthy)	3 weeks, 1.1 g EPA, 0.7 g DHA daily	Reduction in glucose fluxes during exercise (60% VO2 max). Tendency towards increase in fat oxidation during exercise.
Lalia et al. (2015) [103]	Human (insulin resistant)	6 months, 3.9 g EPA/DHA daily	No change in peripheral insulin sensitivity compared to control. Small reduction in hepatic gluconeogenesis.
Fasching et al. (1991) [129]	Human (impaired glucose tolerance)	2 weeks, 3.8 g EPA, 2.5 g DHA daily (30 ml fish oil)	No changes in fasting plasma glucose or insulin levels. No change in glucose or insulin during hyperinsulemic clamp.
Glauber et al. (1988) [130]	Human (T2D)	4 weeks, 18 g fish oil daily	Increase in fasting plasma glucose and in response to feeding. Increased hepatic glucose production. Reduction in insulin secretion.
Popp-snijders et al. (1987) [128]	Human (T2D)	8 weeks, 3 g EPA/DHA daily	Enhanced glucose clearance during steady state infusion of glucose and insulin.