. 2015 Nov 5;7(11):9127–9138. doi: 10.3390/nu7115454

Table 2.

Effects of fructose as compared to other carbohydrates on liver fat and insulin sensitivity.

N	BMI (kg/m²)	Age (Years)	Duration	Design	Cal	Fructose Diet Other CARB Diet	Liver Fat (%) Before-After	Insulin Sensitivity Method Change	Year of Reference
32	29	34	2 weeks	P	ISO	FRU 25% ^b	7.2–7.5	fS-Ins Worsened	2013 [36]
32	29	34	2 weeks	P	ISO	GLU 25% ^b	8.0–7.9	NS ^c	2013 [36]
11	75 kg ^a	25	7 days	C	HYPER	FRU 35% ^b	2.1–3.2↑	fS-Ins NS	2010 [37]
11	75 kg ^a	25	7 days	C	HYPER	GLU 35% ^b	2.1– 3.3↑	NS	2010 [37]
20	25	30	10 weeks	P	HYPER	FRU +600 cal/day	1.3–1.8	fS-Ins NS	2012 [38]
20	25	30	10 weeks	P	HYPER	GLU +600 cal/day	1.6–2.1	NS	2012 [38]
22	32	39	6 months	P	HYPER	SSB +430 cal/day	3.7–5.0↑*	fS-Ins NS	2012 [39]
22	32	39	6 months	P	HYPER	Milk +454 cal/day	12.7–11.6	NS	2012 [39]
64	27	42	10 weeks	P	HYPER	HFCS 8%–30% ^b	11.8–13.7	fS-Ins NS	2013 [40]
64	27	42	10 weeks	P	HYPER	SUCROSE 8%–30% ^b	14.9–13.0	NS	2013 [40]
32	29	34	2 weeks	P	HYPER	FRU +25% ^b	7.2–8.9↑	fS-Ins NS	2013 [36]
32	29	34	2 weeks	P	HYPER	GLU +25% ^b	8.0–10.1↑	NS	2013 [36]
28	22	23	6–7 days	P	HYPER	FRU 3 g/kg day	9.0–18.5↑	fS-Ins Worsened	2013 [41]
28	22	23	6–7 days	P	HYPER	GLU 3 g/kg day	12.9–16.1	NS	2013 [41]

Abbreviations: N = number of completers, BMI = body mass index, yrs = years, wks = weeks, mos = months, d = day, C = crossover, P = parallel, Cal = caloric content relative to baseline diet, FRU = fructose, HFCS = high fructose corn syrup, GLU = glucose, NS = no significant change (before vs. after diet), ISO = isocaloric, HYPER = hypercaloric, SSB = sugar sweetened beverage, ↑ Significant increase after vs. before, * significant difference in change between the two diets, fS-Ins = fasting serum insulin, Clamp = euglycemic hyperinsulinemic insulin clamp technique. ^a = body weight, ^b = % of total energy intake, ^c NS = no significant change. Changes in liver fat in the table calculated based on mean changes.