Table 4.
Daily energy and nutrient content of the Mediterranean diet, in order of date of data collection, including mean ± SD.
| Nutrients and Energy | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Study Type/Notes | Years of Data Collection | Energy 1 (kJ/kCal) | Total Fat (g) | PRO (g) | MUFA (g) | PUFA (g) | SFA (g) | % E from Total Fat | % E from MUFA | % E from PUFA | % E from SFA | MUFA: SFA Ratio 2 | % E from CHO | % E from Protein | Fibre (g) | Vit C (mg) | Folate (μg) | Pot (mg) |
| Kafatos et al., (2000) [4]. | Descriptive study. Based on WFR | 1960–1965 | 11016/2633 | 77 | NR | 67 | 18 | 25 | 41.3 | 23 | 6.0 | 9 | 2.68 | 45 | 12 | 47 | 258 | 559 | 4504 |
| de Lorgeril et al., (1994) [31].3 | Intervention study. Based on 24-h food recall and FFQ | 1988–1992 | 8146/1947 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 30.4 | 12.9 | 4.6 | 8 | 1.6 | NR | 16.2 | 18.6 | 115.8 | NR | NR |
| Buckland et al., (2009) [27].4 | Observational cohort study. Based on FFQs | 1992–1996 | 8669/2072 | 82.5 | 90.75 | 37.5 | 11.8 | 22.6 | 35.2 | 16 | 5.1 | 9.6 | 1.66 | 40.8 | 17.8 | 27.4 | 172.7 | NR | NR |
| Gualllar-Castillon et al., (2012) [26].5 | Observational cohort study. Based on FFQs | 1992–1996 | 10021/2395 | NR | 110.2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 2.00 | NR | NR | 25.3 | 279.9 | 512.5 | NR |
| Trichopoulou et al., (2006) [32]. | Descriptive study. Based on menu designed from GDG | 1999 6 | 2473/10347 | 110.7 | 74.5 | 63.8 | 9.9 | 29.8 | 39.6 | 22.8 | 3.5 | 10.7 | 2.14 | 39.6 | 12.2 | 29.8 | NR | NR | 1774 |
| Itsiopoulos et al., (2011) [28]. | Intervention study. Based on 7-day diet records | 1998–2001 | 9300/2223 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 21.3 | NR | 8.2 | 2.60 | 43.5 | 13.5 | 36.2 | 191.1 | 453 | 4565 |
| Ambring et al., (2004) [33]. | Cross over intervention. Based on 24-h recalls. | NR | 7820/1869 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 14 | NR | 8 | 1.75 | 48 | 16 | 40 | NR | NR | NR |
| Estruch et al., (2013) [15] 7 | Intervention study. Based on FFQs | 2003–2010 | 9205/2200 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 21.5 | NR | 9.4 | 2.04 | 40 | 16.3 | 26.2 | NR | NR | NR |
| Mean | 9316/2226 | 89.9 | 91.8 | 56.3 | 13.3 | 25.9 | 36.6 | 18.8 | 4.8 | 9.0 | 2.1 | 42.8 | 14.9 | 31.3 | 203.5 | 508.2 | 3614.3 | ||
| SD | 1101/236 | 18.2 | 17.9 | 15.9 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 9.2 | 66.3 | 53.1 | 1594.1 | ||
1 Where energy reported in kilojoules, converted to Calories (kilojoules/4.184). To convert from Calories to kilojoules, multiply by 4.184; 2 If not provided, calculated from grams fat. If grams not provided, calculated from percentage energy from MUFA and SFA; 3 Dietary intake from experimental group presented, at an average of 4 years follow-up. Vitamin C presented as ascorbic acid from original publication (June 1994), de Lorgeril et al. [24]. Percent energy from MUFA presented as oleic acid only (18:1 omega-9); 4 Reported mean intakes of highest tertile for MedDiet adherence. Reported as g/1000 Calories. Converted to total grams by formula (grams × (Calories/1000)). Calculated energy contributions (%) from grams of macronutrients; 5 Highest quintile reported for MedDiet adherence score. PRO and total fat reported as g/1000 Calories. Converted to total grams by formula (grams × (Calories/1000)); 6 Based on 1999 Greek dietary guidelines; 7 Average of walnut and olive oil intervention groups presented. PRO, protein; MUFA, monounsaturated fat; PUFA, polyunsaturated fat; SFA, saturated fat; CHO, carbohydrate; Vit, vitamin; mg, milligrams; μg, micrograms; POT, potassium; WFR, weighed food record; NR, Not reported; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; GDG, Greek dietary guidelines; SD, standard deviation.