Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population (35–64 years old) of ELSA-Brasil (2008–2010).
| Variables | Coffee Consumption (Cups/Day) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never or Almost Never | ≤1 Cup/Day | 2–3 Cups/Day | ≥3 Cups/Day | p-Value | |
| Women, n (%) | 681 (52.9) | 2263 (54.7) | 2659 (59.3) | 1531 (48.4) | <0.001 |
| Age (year)s, mean (SD) | 48.7 (7.6) | 49.9 (7.6) | 50.5 (7.5) | 50.1 (6.9) | <0.001 |
| Educational Attainment, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Undergraduate school or more | 686 (53.3) | 2081 (50.3) | 2429 (54.1) | 1647 (52.0) | |
| Complete high school | 469 (36.4) | 1550 (37.5) | 1595 (35.6) | 1121 (35.4) | |
| Complete elementary school | 88 (6.8) | 279 (6.7) | 250 (5.6) | 215 (6.8) | |
| Incomplete elementary school | 44 (3.4) | 227 (5.5) | 213 (4.8) | 183 (5.8) | |
| Alcohol Consumption, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never or former user | 542 (42.1) | 1223 (29.6) | 1305 (29.1) | 821 (25.9) | |
| Moderate | 674 (52.4) | 2576 (62.3) | 2895 (64.6) | 2027 (64.0) | |
| Heavy | 71 (5.5) | 338 (8.2) | 285 (6.34) | 318 (10.0) | |
| Smoking Status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 913 (70.9) | 2520 (60.9) | 2749 (61.3) | 1340 (42.3) | |
| Former | 291 (22.6) | 1208 (29.2) | 1282 (28.6) | 1015 (32.1) | |
| Current | 83 (6.5) | 409 (9.9) | 456 (10.2) | 811 (25.6) | |
| Diabetes Status, n (%) | 234 (18.2) | 752 (18.2) | 764 (17.0) | 561 (17.7) | 0.529 |
| Hypertension Status, n (%) | 386 (30.0) | 1489 (36.0) | 1561 (34.8) | 963 (30.4) | <0.001 |
| Coronary Heart Disease Status, n (%) | 19 (1.5) | 83 (2.0) | 81 (1.8) | 56 (1.8) | 0.638 |
| Low-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 128.20 (33.88) | 131.27 (35.08) | 131.73 (34.59) | 132.90 (35.44) | 0.198 |
| Learning, recall and word recognition tests (words), median (1° and 4° quartile) | 39 (34–42) | 38 (34–42) | 39 (35–42) | 38 (34–42) | 0.027 |
| Semantic verbal fluency test (words), mean (SD) | 18.87 (5.49) | 18.54 (5.26) | 18.62 (5.23) | 18.72 (5.21) | 0.939 |
| Phonemic verbal fluency test (words), mean (SD) | 12.62 (4.49) | 12.61 (4.48) | 12.61 (4.46) | 12.69 (4.42) | 0.878 |
| Trail-making test B (seconds), median (1° and 4° quartile) | 91 (70–127) | 93 (72–132) | 95 (72–129) | 92 (71–129) | 0.0342 |
* Performed Chi-square for frequencies, Analysis of variance for normal distribution and KrusKal-Wallis for non-normal distribution. Abbreviations: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Stardant Deviation:SD; analysis of variance: ANOVA.