Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population (65–74 years old) of ELSA-Brasil (2008–2010).
| Variables | Coffee Consumption (Cups/Day) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never or Almost Never | ≤1 Cup/Day | 2–3 Cups/Day | ≥3 Cups/Day | p-Value | |
| Women, n (%) | 56 (50.5) | 305 (54.7) | 305 (54.7) | 317 (52.1) | 0.015 |
| Age (years) | 69.34 (2.74) | 68.81 (2.83) | 68.7 (2.80) | 68.22 (2.69) | 0.838 |
| Educational Attainment, n (%) | 0.012 | ||||
| Under graduate school or more | 60 (54.1) | 296 (53.1) | 341 (56.1) | 144 (68.9) | |
| Complete high school | 30 (27.0) | 127 (22.7) | 126 (20.7) | 27 (12.9) | |
| Complete elementary school | 9 (8.1) | 64 (11.5) | 69 (11.4) | 14 (6.7) | |
| Incomplete elementary school | 12 (10.8) | 71 (12.7) | 72 (11.8) | 24 (11.5) | |
| Alcohol Consumption, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never or former user | 59 (53.2) | 186 (33.3) | 210 (34.6) | 53 (25.4) | |
| Moderate | 46 (44.4) | 340 (60.9) | 362 (59.6) | 139 (66.5) | |
| Heavy | 6 (5.4) | 32 (5.7) | 35 (5.8) | 17 (8.1) | |
| Smoking Status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 67 (60.4) | 319 (57.3) | 317 (52.1) | 91 (43.5) | |
| Former | 40 (36.0) | 200(35.9) | 247 (40.6) | 82 (39.2) | |
| Current | 4 (3.6) | 38 (6.8) | 44 (7.2) | 36 (17.2) | |
| Diabetes Status, n (%) | 42 (37.8) | 194 (34.8) | 210 (34.5) | 73 (34.9) | 0.928 |
| Hypertension Status, n (%) | 74 (66.7) | 373 (66.9) | 411 (67.6) | 137 (65.6) | 0.959 |
| Coronary Heart Disease Status, n (%) | 14 (12.6) | 37 (6.6) | 53 (8.7) | 23 (11.0) | 0.086 |
| Low-density LipoproteinCholesterol (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 125.27 (40.65) | 128.23 (35.38) | 125.74 (34.87) | 131.22 (40.42) | 0.013 |
| Learning, recall and word recognition tests (words), median (1° and 4° quartile) | 34.5 (29–38) | 35 (30–40) | 36 (32–40) | 35 (30–39) | 0.048 |
| Semantic verbal fluency test (words), mean (SD) | 16.14 (5.71) | 16.55 (5.03) | 17.00 (5.23) | 18.14 (5.95) | <0.001 |
| Phonemic verbal fluency test (words), mean (SD) | 10.87 (4.85) | 11.06 (4.56) | 11.39 (4.71) | 12.23 (4.40) | 0.553 |
| Trail-making test B (seconds), median (1° and 4° quartile) | 110 (90–150) | 120 (89–164) | 114 (87.5–156) | 101 (78–132) | <0.001 |
* Performed Chi-square for frequencies, Analysis of variance for normal distribution and KrusKal-Wallis for non normal distribution. Abbreviations: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).