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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Nov 30.
Published in final edited form as: J Law Med Ethics. 2015 Sep;43(3):610–618. doi: 10.1111/jlme.12303

Table 1.

MARKETING APPROACHES USED NO. OF AGENCIES (N = 46)
Benefits Offered Toward Donors
Presentation of Lifestyle Benefits of Compensation
  Covers bills/tuition 10.9% 5
  Fast/easy money 6.5% 3
  Summer job 2.2% 1
  Total value of multiple donations 2.2% 1
  Imagine/possibilities 13.0% 6
  Not lifestyle specific 73.9% 34
Use of Non-Monetary Benefits to Attract Donors
  Emotional fulfillment 71.7% 33
  Free medical exam 4.3% 2
  Vacation with friend 2.2% 1
  No added benefits 28.3% 13
Presentation of Financial Benefits of Compensation
  Experience based 56.5% 26
  Donor sets the amount 34.8% 16
Means of Building Trust with Potential Recipients
Sources of Credibility
  Family testimony 52.2% 24
  Founder’s personal experience 47.8% 22
  Business press 39.1% 18
Emotional Themes Driving Site’s Graphic Design and Tone
  Intimacy/Commitment 17.4% 8
  Angels/Heaven/Grace/Fantasy 13.0% 6
  Tranquility/Peace/Wellness 8.7% 4
  Intelligence/Excellence/Success 6.5% 3
  Joy/Love/Happiness 6.5% 3
  Empowerment/Camaraderie 6.5% 3
  No strong theme 45.7% 21
Market Segments Targeted
  International/tourists 28.3% 13
  Ethnicity 10.9% 5
  Gay/Lesbian 6.5% 3
  Religious 6.5% 3
  No specific targeting 63.0% 29
Promotion of Trait Selection
Types of Messaging About Selecting Traits
  Promotes aspirational traits available among donors 34.8% 16
  Affirms ability to find the right “match”/”fit” 56.5% 26
  Affirms ability to suit recipients’ “preferences”/”desires” 19.6% 9
  Suggests design/customization of a child 15.2% 7
  Does not discuss traits 13.0% 6
Types of Subjective Traits Specified
  Interests/Hobbies/Likes 63.0% 29
  Aspirations 32.6% 15
  Temperament 19.6% 9
  Childhood behavior/memories 15.2% 7
  No mention 34.8% 16
Positioning of Typical Donor
  Caring/Generous 54.3% 25
  Smart/Successful/Beautiful 39.1% 18
  Healthy/Responsible 37.0% 17
  Other (e.g., Sweet/Wholesome) 8.7% 4
  No specific positioning 23.9% 11
Means of Portraying Typical Donor
  Letters/Quotes in the donor’s voice 47.8% 22
  Lifestyle photography 47.8% 22
  Beauty photography 43.5% 20
  No portrayal 17.4% 8