Table 3.

Effects of microglial cytokines on neural precursors of subventricular and subgranular zones

Cytokine	Effect on subventricular zone	Effect on subgranular zone
IL-1α	Not known	Stimulates proliferation176
IL-1β	Maintains stemness177	Inhibits proliferation178
TNF	TNF receptor 1 inhibits proliferation179	TNF receptor 1 binding inhibits neural precursor proliferation,180 whereas TNF receptor 2 binding promotes neural precursor proliferation180
IL-6	Increases neural precursor proliferation and self-renewal84	Decreases neural precursor proliferation176 and suppresses differentiation of neurons181
Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C)	Promotes neural stem cell self-renewal and proliferation182 and enhances oligodendroglial precursor proliferation183	Not known
IFN-γ	Decreases neural precursor proliferation and self-renewal184	Not known
Nitric oxide	Decreases neural precursor proliferation and self-renewal185	Increases neural precursor proliferation186
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)	Increases neural precursor proliferation187	Increases neural precursor proliferation188

Abbreviation: TNF, tumour necrosis factor.