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Least-cost distance vs. straight distance. (A) Observed changes in Akaike information criterion with small-sample size correction (AICc) and (B) rmse when replacing straight distance with least-cost distance computed from the friction raster, and iterating the process (x axis). (C) Changes in landscape genetic friction (colored map) and in least-cost distance (blue line) between two tsetse populations over the first seven iterations.
