Table 2.
Characteristics of participants by ethnic background, valid % (age–standardized %) a)
| Male | P value | Female | P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palauan | Filipino | Others | Palauan | Filipino | Others | |||
| Number | 751 | 200 | 93 | 875 | 206 | 56 | ||
| Age group of years | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 25–34 | 13.8 | 25.5 | 40.9 | 14.7 | 23.8 | 17.9 | ||
| 35–44 | 26.1 | 33.0 | 33.3 | 26.9 | 31.6 | 21.4 | ||
| 45–54 | 32.6 | 28.0 | 18.3 | 32.9 | 32.0 | 44.6 | ||
| 55–64 | 27.4 | 13.5 | 7.5 | 25.5 | 12.6 | 16.1 | ||
| Educational attainment | 0.017 | 0.146 | ||||||
| primary or lower | 19.0 (19.9) | 10.7 (9.9) | 22.0 (22.2) | 15.3 (14.6) | 10.3 (9.7) | 18.2 (19.3) | ||
| secondary | 42.0 (43.4) | 42.9 (42.2) | 31.9 (30.5) | 37.9 (37.4) | 42.6 (41.7) | 27.3 (25.5) | ||
| college or higher | 39.0 (36.7) | 46.4 (47.9) | 46.2 (47.3) | 46.8 (48.0) | 47.1 (48.6) | 54.5 (55.2) | ||
| Marital status | <0.001 | 0.008 | ||||||
| single | 20.5 (28.7) | 28.1 (30.7) | 35.9 (31.2) | 16.3 (21.3) | 26.3 (29.0) | 10.9 (14.8) | ||
| married/cohabiting | 68.7 (63.3) | 67.8 (65.5) | 62.0 (66.1) | 65.4 (64.6) | 58.5 (57.3) | 78.2 (76.5) | ||
| divorced/separated | 8.2 (6.7) | 3.0 (3.1) | 1.1 (1.4) | 8.8 (7.8) | 8.8 (8.2) | 7.3 (6.6) | ||
| widowed | 2.7 (1.4) | 1.0 (0.8) | 1.1 (1.4) | 9.5 (6.4) | 6.3 (5.5) | 3.6 (2.0) | ||
| Annual household income (USD) b) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <5000 | 17.3 (15.2) | 51.4 (52.5) | 44.0 (42.3) | 19.4 (18.9) | 62.1 (62.4) | 22.7 (20.1) | ||
| 5000–9999 | 34.0 (37.4) | 37.3 (35.9) | 28.0 (30.5) | 24.8 (26.9) | 19.2 (18.8) | 25.0 (32.3) | ||
| 10000–14999 | 18.8 (18.0) | 2.2 (1.9) | 2.7 (2.9) | 19.8 (19.6) | 10.4 (10.7) | 13.6 (12.5) | ||
| 15000–19999 | 9.1 (9.4) | 4.3 (5.0) | 2.7 (2.5) | 10.7 (11.1) | 2.2 (2.1) | 6.8 (9.5) | ||
| ≥20000 | 20.9 (20.0) | 4.9 (4.7) | 22.7 (21.8) | 25.3 (23.5) | 6.0 (6.1) | 31.8 (25.6) | ||
| Smoking | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| non–smoker | 41.5 (40.4) | 48.0 (48.1) | 49.5 (48.0) | 56.0 (55.4) | 84.0 (83.5) | 69.6 (73.1) | ||
| ex–smoker | 37.2 (36.5) | 18.0 (18.0) | 20.4 (22.7) | 34.1 (34.8) | 9.2 (9.5) | 16.1 (10.9) | ||
| current smoker | 21.3 (23.1) | 34.0 (33.9) | 30.1 (29.3) | 9.9 (9.7) | 6.8 (7.0) | 14.3 (15.9) | ||
| Betel nut with tobacco chewing | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| non–chewer | 42.3 (34.2) | 97.5 (97.6) | 84.9 (84.5) | 31.4 (27.1) | 98.5 (98.7) | 83.9 (81.8) | ||
| current chewer | 57.7 (65.8) | 2.5 (2.4) | 15.1 (15.5) | 68.6 (72.9) | 1.5 (1.3) | 16.1 (18.2) | ||
| Tobacco product use | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| non–user | 31.4 (24.3) | 64.0 (64.2) | 59.1 (59.7) | 28.1 (24.0) | 91.7 (91.7) | 73.2 (71.5) | ||
| current user | 68.6 (75.7) | 36.0 (35.8) | 40.9 (40.3) | 71.9 (76.0) | 8.3 (8.3) | 26.8 (28.5) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | 0.004 | <0.001 | ||||||
| non–drinker | 19.7 (16.2) | 21.0 (20.9) | 35.5 (33.8) | 32.5 (30.5) | 57.3 (56.3) | 37.5 (37.3) | ||
| ex–drinker | 30.8 (30.3) | 32.5 (32.1) | 17.2 (17.9) | 43.0 (41.8) | 31.6 (32.1) | 23.2 (20.9) | ||
| current drinker | 49.5 (53.5) | 46.5 (47.0) | 47.3 (48.2) | 24.6 (27.6) | 11.2 (11.6) | 39.3 (41.8) | ||
| Fruit intake (day/week) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0–1 | 48.2 (49.3) | 31.8 (32.8) | 33.0 (34.6) | 35.7 (39.7) | 22.3 (22.2) | 19.6 (22.6) | ||
| 2–4 | 35.4 (34.9) | 43.9 (43.6) | 41.8 (40.0) | 40.1 (38.4) | 47.1 (48.0) | 37.5 (39.4) | ||
| ≥5 | 16.4 (15.8) | 24.2 (23.6) | 25.3 (25.4) | 24.2 (21.9) | 30.6 (29.8) | 42.9 (38.0) | ||
| Vegetable intake (day/week) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0–1 | 17.5 (16.0) | 8.0 (8.0) | 7.6 (8.8) | 10.4 (11.3) | 2.9 (2.9) | 7.3 (4.4) | ||
| 2–4 | 44.1 (42.0) | 42.2 (43.3) | 29.3 (28.2) | 40.3 (39.7) | 30.1 (30.9) | 14.5 (17.8) | ||
| ≥5 | 38.4 (42.1) | 49.7 (48.7) | 63.0 (63.0) | 49.3 (49.0) | 67.0 (66.2) | 78.2 (77.7) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <18.5 | 0.5 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.8) | 3.4 (3.3) | 0.9 (1.0) | 4.0 (4.3) | 1.8 (2.9) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 15.4 (16.5) | 47.0 (47.7) | 41.6 (40.7) | 13.0 (14.0) | 56.1 (56.7) | 50.0 (55.2) | ||
| 25–29.9 | 33.2 (31.4) | 42.9 (42.2) | 34.8 (35.3) | 31.4 (30.2) | 30.3 (29.5) | 19.6 (14.1) | ||
| ≥30 | 51.0 (51.7) | 9.1 (9.3) | 20.2 (20.6) | 54.6 (54.8) | 9.6 (9.4) | 28.6 (27.8) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <120 | 8.9 (10.7) | 13.5 (14.5) | 13.2 (13.0) | 21.3 (27.6) | 31.1 (34.4) | 48.2 (54.2) | ||
| 120–129 | 17.9 (21.1) | 24.0 (25.1) | 30.8 (29.6) | 18.8 (21.8) | 19.9 (20.2) | 23.2 (21.2) | ||
| 130–139 | 21.2 (23.4) | 23.0 (23.2) | 28.6 (28.9) | 17.2 (16.7) | 21.4 (20.5) | 7.1 (6.1) | ||
| 140–159 | 32.4 (30.9) | 25.0 (24.0) | 25.3 (25.5) | 24.8 (21.4) | 15.5 (13.8) | 8.9 (7.2) | ||
| ≥160 | 19.5 (13.9) | 14.5 (13.1) | 2.2 (2.9) | 18.0 (12.4) | 12.1 (11.1) | 12.5 (11.3) | ||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <80 | 27.1 (30.0) | 39.0 (41.5) | 40.7 (39.1) | 33.8 (35.7) | 50.0 (52.7) | 55.4 (58.1) | ||
| 80–84 | 15.4 (16.0) | 14.5 (13.8) | 26.4 (26.2) | 17.1 (16.6) | 13.1 (12.4) | 14.3 (14.7) | ||
| 85–89 | 16.6 (14.5) | 15.0 (15.0) | 13.2 (13.2) | 16.1 (15.9) | 16.0 (15.4) | 10.7 (9.8) | ||
| 90–99 | 27.4 (26.8) | 19.5 (18.5) | 13.2 (14.5) | 21.9 (22.5) | 15.0 (14.2) | 12.5 (11.0) | ||
| ≥100 | 13.6 (12.8) | 12.0 (11.2) | 6.6 (6.9) | 11.2 (9.4) | 5.8 (5.3) | 7.1 (6.5) | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| ≥140/90 mmHg | 58.5 (53.0) | 44.5 (42.1) | 33.0 (34.6) | <0.001 | 50.6 (43.9) | 31.6 (28.9) | 21.4 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| ≥140/90 mmHg / medication | 59.9 (54.1) | 45.5 (43.1) | 35.2 (37.4) | <0.001 | 53.5 (46.5) | 34.0 (31.2) | 25.0 (22.4) | <0.001 |
| ≥160/100 mmHg | 23.6 (18.7) | 19.0 (17.7) | 6.6 (6.9) | 0.001 | 21.2 (15.9) | 12.6 (11.5) | 12.5 (11.3) | 0.008 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | <0.001 | 0.008 | ||||||
| <100 | 34.6 (38.8) | 35.7 (36.7) | 52.8 (51.1) | 41.5 (47.3) | 42.6 (45.1) | 40.8 (46.8) | ||
| 100–109 | 24.4 (26.2) | 33.9 (34.6) | 23.6 (24.6) | 20.9 (20.1) | 29.0 (28.1) | 34.7 (34.5) | ||
| 110–125 | 17.5 (14.8) | 15.2 (15.0) | 19.4 (20.3) | 15.6 (14.6) | 16.9 (15.9) | 12.2 (7.2) | ||
| ≥126 | 23.5 (20.2) | 15.2 (13.7) | 4.2 (4.0) | 22.0 (18.0) | 11.5 (10.9) | 12.2 (11.5) | ||
| (≥126 mg/dL / medication) | 24.0 (20.5) | 16.4 (14.8) | 4.2 (4.0) | <0.001 | 22.9 (18.5) | 12.0 (11.3) | 12.2 (11.5) | 0.002 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.811 | 0.005 | ||||||
| <100 | 23.0 (25.5) | 26.1 (27.1) | 29.2 (27.9) | 26.2 (28.3) | 37.4 (39.2) | 42.0 (40.4) | ||
| 100–149 | 28.0 (27.2) | 26.1 (26.6) | 27.8 (28.4) | 29.7 (30.2) | 29.3 (28.6) | 32.0 (32.6) | ||
| 150–199 | 19.5 (19.2) | 16.1 (15.6) | 16.7 (18.1) | 18.7 (17.3) | 11.5 (11.6) | 6.0 (6.0) | ||
| ≥200 | 29.5 (28.1) | 31.7 (30.8) | 26.4 (25.6) | 25.5 (24.1) | 21.8 (20.6) | 20.0 (21.1) | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.170 | 0.037 | ||||||
| <160 | 48.9 (54.1) | 41.2 (41.7) | 42.3 (41.7) | 47.1 (52.5) | 38.0 (40.2) | 41.2 (49.8) | ||
| 160–189 | 32.1 (29.8) | 37.1 (37.1) | 29.6 (29.9) | 28.2 (27.4) | 32.1 (32.8) | 35.3 (32.1) | ||
| 190–199 | 6.4 (5.9) | 5.3 (5.3) | 5.6 (4.9) | 6.5 (5.5) | 13.6 (12.5) | 3.9 (2.2) | ||
| 200–239 | 11.0 (8.8) | 15.9 (15.5) | 21.1 (22.0) | 14.6 (12.1) | 12.0 (11.0) | 13.7 (12.3) | ||
| ≥240 | 1.7 (1.4) | 0.6 (0.5) | 1.4 (1.5) | 3.6 (2.5) | 4.3 (3.6) | 5.9 (3.6) | ||
| (≥200 mg/dL / medication) | 14.9 (11.5) | 17.6 (17.0) | 23.9 (25.0) | 0.122 | 20.7 (16.3) | 17.4 (15.6) | 21.6 (17.0) | 0.577 |
a) Based on the age distribution of the whole population from 2005 Census of Population and Housing
b) USD indicates United States dollar