Table 4. Comparisons of the changes in the lateral cephalometric variables between the three groups.

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Group 1, The C-lingual retractor group; group 2, the antero-posterior lingual retractor with parallel tube group; group 3, the antero-posterior lingual retractor with distally tipped tube group.

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, and ^***p < 0.001; based on one-way variable analysis of three groups.

The abbreviations of the variables are described in Table 3.

Refer Table 2 for definitions of the landmarks.