Figure 1.

Cell sheets used in the present study. (A) Cell sheets and dish separated following placement in a temperature-responding culture dish at 20°C for 1 h. The differentiation-induced BMSCs were seeded in a temperature-responding culture dish and incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO₂. After 7–10 days, the cells had spread over the entire dish. Next, the BMSCs were separated from the dish and used as a cell sheet. (B) Scanning electron microscopy image of cell sheet adhered to the surface of the scaffold. The cells were secreted on the extracellular matrix. (C) A representative X-ray radiograph of the mandible in the experimental group at week 16 after implantation, performed under the following conditions: Voltage, 60 kV; current, 2.51 mA; time, 0.04 sec; and distance, 1 m. BMSCs, bone marrow stem cells.