Table IV.
Complications.
| Pneumothorax, n (%) | Hemorrhage, n (%) | Hemoptysis, n (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | No | Yes | P-value | No | Yes | P-value | No | Yes | P-value |
| Total, n | 899 | 207 | − | 855 | 251 | − | 1,048 | 58 | − |
| Gender | 0.060 | 0.033 | 0.005 | ||||||
| Male | 604 (79.79) | 153 (20.21) | 599 (79.13) | 158 (20.87) | 727 (96.04) | 30 (3.96) | |||
| Female | 295 (84.53) | 54 (15.47) | 256 (73.35) | 93 (26.65) | 321 (91.98) | 28 (8.02) | |||
| Age, years | 0.274 | 0.003 | 0.265 | ||||||
| ≤50 | 195 (82.63) | 41 (17.37) | 189 (80.08) | 47 (19.92) | 228 (96.61) | 8 (3.39) | |||
| 51–60 | 266 (80.36) | 65 (19.64) | 244 (73.72) | 87 (26.28) | 308 (93.05) | 23 (6.95) | |||
| 61–70 | 260 (78.79) | 70 (21.21) | 243 (73.64) | 87 (26.36) | 312 (94.55) | 18 (5.45) | |||
| >70 | 178 (85.17) | 31 (14.83) | 179 (85.65) | 30 (14.35) | 200 (95.69) | 9 (4.31) | |||
| Lesion location, lobe | 0.004 | 0.021 | 0.147 | ||||||
| Right upper | 287 (86.19) | 46 (13.81) | 238 (71.47) | 95 (28.53) | 311 (93.39) | 22 (6.61) | |||
| Right middle | 31 (67.39) | 15 (32.61) | 38 (82.61) | 8 (17.39) | 43 (93.48) | 3 (6.52) | |||
| Right lower | 184 (76.03) | 58 (23.97) | 185 (76.45) | 57 (23.55) | 225 (92.98) | 17 (7.02) | |||
| Left upper | 223 (81.68) | 50 (18.32) | 221 (80.95) | 52 (19.05) | 263 (96.34) | 10 (3.66) | |||
| Left lower | 174 (82.08) | 38 (17.92) | 173 (81.60) | 39 (18.40) | 206 (97.17) | 6 (2.83) | |||
| Lesion type | 0.121 | 0.414 | 0.974 | ||||||
| Central | 224 (84.53) | 41 (15.47) | 200 (75.47) | 65 (24.53) | 251 (94.72) | 14 (5.28) | |||
| Peripheral | 675 (80.26) | 166 (19.74) | 655 (77.88) | 186 (22.12) | 797 (94.77) | 44 (5.23) | |||
| Lesion depth, mm | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0 | 497 (95.39) | 24 (4.61) | 490 (94.05) | 31 (5.95) | 503 (96.55) | 18 (3.45) | |||
| 1–10 | 144 (73.85) | 51 (26.15) | 174 (89.23) | 21 (10.77) | 191 (97.95) | 4 (2.05) | |||
| 11–20 | 149 (68.98) | 67 (31.02) | 128 (59.26) | 88 (40.74) | 202 (93.52) | 14 (6.48) | |||
| 21–30 | 72 (66.67) | 36 (33.33) | 42 (38.89) | 66 (61.11) | 95 (87.96) | 13 (12.04) | |||
| >30 | 37 (56.06) | 29 (43.94) | 21 (31.82) | 45 (68.18) | 57 (86.36) | 9 (13.64) | |||
| Lesion size, mm | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.052 | ||||||
| ≤10 | 38 (66.67) | 19 (33.33) | 44 (77.19) | 13 (22.81) | 55 (96.49) | 2 (3.51) | |||
| 11–20 | 150 (70.42) | 63 (29.58) | 156 (73.24) | 57 (26.76) | 199 (93.43) | 14 (6.57) | |||
| 21–30 | 213 (78.02) | 60 (21.98) | 194 (71.06) | 79 (28.94) | 253 (92.67) | 20 (7.33) | |||
| 31–40 | 192 (84.58) | 35 (15.42) | 175 (77.09) | 52 (22.91) | 213 (93.83) | 14 (6.17) | |||
| >40 | 306 (91.07) | 30 (8.93) | 286 (85.12) | 50 (14.88) | 328 (97.62) | 8 (2.38) | |||
| Emphysema | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.030 | ||||||
| 0a | 406 (95.98) | 17 (4.02) | 309 (73.05) | 114 (26.95) | 392 (92.67) | 31 (7.33) | |||
| 1b | 436 (96.89) | 14 (3.11) | 398 (88.44) | 52 (11.56) | 435 (96.67) | 15 (3.33) | |||
| 2c | 57 (24.46) | 176 (75.54) | 148 (63.52) | 85 (36.48) | 221 (94.85) | 12 (5.15) | |||
| Atelectasis | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.696 | ||||||
| Yes | 104 (92.86) | 8 (7.14) | 100 (89.29) | 12 (10.71) | 107 (95.54) | 5 (4.46) | |||
| No | 795 (79.98) | 199 (20.02) | 755 (75.96) | 239 (24.04) | 941 (94.67) | 53 (5.33) | |||
| Position | <0.001 | 0.422 | 0.691 | ||||||
| Lateral | 156 (65.00) | 84 (35.00) | 193 (80.42) | 47 (19.58) | 230 (95.83) | 10 (4.17) | |||
| Prone | 497 (84.81) | 89 (15.19) | 449 (76.62) | 137 (23.38) | 554 (94.54) | 32 (5.46) | |||
| Supine | 246 (87.86) | 34 (12.14) | 213 (76.07) | 67 (23.93) | 264 (94.29) | 16 (5.71) | |||
| Needle size, G | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.488 | ||||||
| 16 | 102 (97.14) | 3 (2.86) | 98 (93.33) | 7 (6.67) | 101 (96.19) | 4 (3.81) | |||
| 18 | 797 (79.62) | 204 (20.38) | 757 (75.62) | 244 (24.38) | 947 (94.61) | 54 (5.39) | |||
| Number of attempts | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| ≤2 | 296 (74.75) | 100 (25.25) | 262 (66.16) | 134 (33.84) | 360 (90.91) | 36 (9.09) | |||
| 3 | 496 (85.37) | 85 (14.63) | 485 (83.48) | 96 (16.52) | 563 (96.90) | 18 (3.10) | |||
| ≥4 | 107 (82.95) | 22 (17.05) | 108 (83.72) | 21 (16.28) | 125 (96.90) | 4 (3.10) | |||
| Needle-pleura angle, degrees | 0.632 | 0.900 | 0.064 | ||||||
| ≤15 | 746 (80.82) | 177 (19.18) | 714 (77.36) | 209 (22.64) | 877 (95.02) | 46 (4.98) | |||
| 16–30 | 91 (82.73) | 19 (17.27) | 86 (78.18) | 24 (21.82) | 106 (96.36) | 4 (3.64) | |||
| >30 | 62 (84.93) | 11 (15.07) | 55 (75.34) | 18 (24.66) | 65 (89.04) | 8 (10.96) | |||
| Hemostatic | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.381 | ||||||
| Yes | 40 (60.61) | 26 (39.39) | 38 (57.58) | 28 (42.42) | 61 (92.42) | 5 (7.58) | |||
| No | 859 (82.60) | 181 (17.40) | 817 (78.56) | 223 (21.44) | 987 (94.90) | 53 (5.10) | |||
P-values show the statistical significance of the univariate analysis of risk factors affecting complications.
a
No emphysemic tissue surrounding the lesions
b
some emphysemic tissue surrounding the lesions, but distant from the needle tract
c
prominent emphysemic tissue in the needle tract. Percentages for pneumothorax, hemorrhage and hemoptysis were calculated using the formula % = Y/(Y + N).