Table 1.
Total phenolic content (determined with Folin–Ciocalteu assay) and antioxidant capacity (FRAP and ORAC assay) in different edible flowers.
| Edible flower | Total phenolics | Antioxidant capacity (DPPH) | Antioxidant capacity (FRAP) | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mg/g DW | mg/g FW | g AsA equiv./kg FW | % inhibition | μmol Fe2+/g DW | ||
| Antigonon leptopus | 72.1–177.2 | 89.4 | 282.9–619.7 | [4] | ||
| Antirrhinum majus | 3.49 | 5.06 | - | [5] | ||
| Begonia boliviensis | 4.92 | 6.80 | - | [5] | ||
| Bougainvillea glabra | 138.2 | 307.1 | [4] | |||
| Bougainvillea hybrid | 50.0 | 91.4 | 588.0 | [4] | ||
| Centaurea cyanus | 4.76 | 6.81 | - | [5] | ||
| Chrysanthemum frutescens | 2.53 | 4.24 | - | [5] | ||
| Chrysanthemum parthenium | 2.72 | 4.21 | - | [5] | ||
| Clitoria ternatea | 59.0 | - | 73.0 | [4] | ||
| Cassia siamea | 88.5 | 97.6 | 163.7 | [6] | ||
| Cosmos sulphureus | 86.8–102.5 | 87.0 | 99.9–538.6 | [4] | ||
| Dianthus caryophyllus | 5.28 | 6.96 | [5] | |||
| Fuchsia x hybrid | 3.45 | 5.20 | [5] | |||
| Helianthus annuus L. | 47.1 | [7] | ||||
| Hemerocallis spp. | 69–160 | [8] | ||||
| Impatiens walleriana | 4.85 | 6.89 | [5] | |||
| Ixora chinensis | 82.4 | [4] | ||||
| Malvaviscus arboreus | 59.0 | 31.4 | 271.3 | [4] | ||
| Nelumbo nucifera | 60.0 | 96.9 | 585.4 | [4] | ||
| Plumeria obtusa | 37.0 | 69.6 | 260.3 | [4] | ||
| Prunus mume | 150 | [4] | ||||
| Rosa odorata | 5.02 | 6.85 | [5] | |||
| Rosa hydrida | 8.5 | [9] | ||||
| Sophora viciifolia | 143.8 | 20.7 | 3160 | [10] | ||
| Tagetes erecta | 98.0–212.9 | 94.3 | 329.4–609.2 | [4] | ||
| Tagetes patula | 4.58 | 6.70 | [5] | |||
| Telosma minor | 29.0 | 34.1 | 162.6 | [4] | ||
| Tropaeolum majus | 3.31 | 5.12 | [5] | |||
| Viola x wittrockiana | 5.11 | 6.65 | [5] | |||
| Malus domestica | 100–200 | 1.2–6.5 | 83 | 4.2–6.3 | [11] | |
| Lactuca sativa | 0.2–0.3 | 74–82 | 1.8–5.3 | [12] | ||