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(a) Surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based anti-human fetuin A (HFA) immunoassay using various EDC-based strategies for crosslinking anti-HFA antibodies to APTES-functionalized SPR gold chips; (b) SPR response units corresponding to the binding of capture anti-HFA antibodies by the various strategies. The values are average of four repeats in different flow cells. The errors bars represent standard deviation.
