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. 2014 Oct 17;3(4):649–670. doi: 10.3390/antiox3040649

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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Overview of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of microbiota-host crosstalk by flavonoids. They can act at three different levels by modulating: (1) microbiota composition, by means of directly (flavonoid) or indirectly (metabolite) affecting the growth; (2) Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, by means of acting on the receptor and its adaptor proteins; (3) signal transduction, by means of interfering with upstream and downstream kinases as well as the transcription factors involved in the inflammatory and immune response activation.