Table 2.

Flavonoids on TLR gene or protein expression in in vivo studies.

Flavonoid	Dose	Duration	TLR 1,2	Studied Target	Cell	Reference
FLAVONES Luteolin	Daily dose of 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight	24/78 h	↓ TLR4	Protein/mRNA	Cerebral cortex from. p.o 3 fed SD rats	[62]
			↓ TLR5
Baicalin	One dose of 50 mg/kg body weight	4 h	↓ TLR2	Protein/	Mice hippocampus cells (carotid arteries ligation)	[61]
			↓ TLR4	mRNA
				mRNA
FLAVANONES Naringenin	1% included in food	16 weeks	↓ TLR2	mRNA	Adipocytes C57Bl/6J mice after HFD	[57]
EXTRACTS Achyrocline satureoides (Quercetin and Luteolin)	One dose of 100 mg/kg	1 h	↓ TLR4	Protein	Neutrophils from p.o fed Wistar rats	[63]
Cocoa (Procyanidins)	5%/10% included in food	3 weeks	↔ , ↓ TLR2	mRNA	Small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes from p.o fed Wistar rats	[64]
			↔ , ↔ TLR4
			↔ ,↓ TLR7
			↔ , ↑ TLR9
Cocoa (Procyanidins)	10%included in food	7 weeks	↔ , ↓ , ↔ TLR2	mRNA	Small intestine, Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes from p.o fed Wistar rats	[65]
			↓ , ↑, ↔ TLR4
			↔ , ↓ , ↔ TLR7
			↔ , ↑ , ↑ TLR9
Cocoa (Procyanidins)	10% included in food	6 weeks	↔ TLR2	mRNA	Large intestine from p.o fed Wistar rats	[30]
			↔ TLR4
			↔ TLR7
			↓ TLR9
Orange juice (Flavanones)	One dose of 300 kcal drink of orange juice	1/3/5 h	↓ TLR2	mRNA	Mononuclear cells from healthy subjects given high-fat high-carbohydrate meal	[66]
			↓ TLR4	Protein
Orange juice (Flavanones)	One dose of 300 kcal drink of orange juice	1/3/5 h	↔ TLR4	mRNA	Mononuclear cells from healthy subjects given high-fat high-carbohydrate meal	[67]
				Protein

Notes: ¹ The TLR changes are expressed as the effect on each studied tissue in the same order as mentioned on the cell/challenge column separated among them with a comma; ² Changes in gene expression are summarized by means of an increase (↑), decrease (↓) or not affected (↔) by the intervention; ³ p.o. means per os or administration by oral route.