Table 1.

Possible biomarkers reported in selected recent metabolomics studies were either downregulated or upregulated in irradiated animals.

Possible Biomarkers	Method Used	Animal Models	Specimen	Year Reference
Downregulated in WT mice	UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS, SID-MRM-MS	Mice	Liver tissue	2014 [51]
Bilirubin, AMD, cytidine, glycerophospholipids, 6-acetyl-d-glucose, C16 sphingomyelin
Upregulated in WT mice
Secondary bile acids, PS (22:1/0:0)
Downregulated in Gfrp mice
Glutathione, carnitines, lysoPCs
Upregulated in Gfrp transgenic mice
Glycocholic acid, N-arachidonoyl taurine, flavin adenine dinucleotide, bile acids
Upregulated	GC-TOFMS	Rats	Serum	2012 [76]
Inositol, serine, lysine, glycine, threonine, glycerol
Downregulated
Isocitrate, gluconic acid, stearic acid
Upregulated	UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS	Rhesus monkeys	Urine	2012 [77]
N-acetyltaurine, isethionic acid, taurine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, tyrosol sulfate, 3-hydroxytyrosol sulfate, tyramine sulfate, N-acetylserotonin sulfate, adipic acid
Upregulated	1H NMR	Mice	Serum	2011 [78]
Lactate, amino acids, choline, lipid signals
Downregulated
Glucose signals
Upregulated	UPLC-ESI-QTOFMS	Rats	Urine	2011 [79]
thymidine, 2′-deoxyuridine, 2′-deoxyxanthosine, N1-acetylspermidine, N-acetylglucosamine/galactosamine-6-sulfate, N-acetyltaurine, N-hexanoylglycine, taurine, isethionic acid (tentative)
Upregulated	GC-MS	Rats	Urine	2009 [80]
Glyoxylate, threonate, thymine, uracil, p-cresol
Downregulated
Citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, adipate, pimelate, suberate, azelaate
Upregulated	UPLC-QTOFMS	Mice	Urine	2009 [81]
thymidine, 2′-deoxyuridine, 2′-deoxyxanthosine, xanthine, xanthosine
Upregulated	UPLC–TOFMS	Mice	Urine	2008 [19]
N-hexanoylglycine, β-thymidine, 3-hydroxy-2-methylbenzoic acid 3-O-sulfate, taurine