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Natural convection-driven flows in a chamber. (a–d) Flow trajectories of fluorescent microparticles taken for 35 s. Measured maximum temperatures, Tmax, in (a) to (d) are 52, 51, 46, and 50 °C, respectively. The yellow arrows indicate the gravity direction, and the white arrows depict the flow direction of the individual fluorescent particles of 8 µm diameter. Scale bar, 1 mm. Reprinted with permission from [33]. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society.
