Table 1.

Summary of the specifications related to the techniques discussed in the review.

Heating method					Level of integration	Range of temperature (°C)	Spatial distribution				Power needed (mW)
Pre-heated liquids	Joule heating		Microwaves	Chemical reactions			Constant T		Gradient T
	homogeneous T	gradient T					Ramp rate (°C/s)	Accuracy (± °C)	Maximum value (°C/mm)	Response time
[36]					+	5–45	+4 −3	0.3
[37]					+	5–45	+4 −3	1
[38]					+ +	10–80			5.8
[46]					+ +	10–80			25		<50
[16]					+ +	5–60			13.75	~3 min
[40]					+ + +	−3–120	+106 −89	0.2
[2]					+ + +	22–95	+100 −90	0.1
	[67]				+ +	20–96	+20 −11.5	0.5			1,000
	[41]				+ +	20–130	+0.1	0.2
	[44]				+ + +	50–100	+20 −10	1			2,200
	[42]				+ +	25–130					1,700
	[15]				+ + +	25–96
	[13]				+ + +	25–96	+20 −10	0.2
	[29]				+ + +	25–55			11	1 s	500
	[45]				+ + +	25–96	+20 −20	0.6			300
		[20]			+ + +	25–96			6	~1 min	500
		[21]			+ + +	25–96			40		500
		[43]			+ +	25–75	+20	2			1,000
			[59]		+	25–32					10
			[56]		+	20–70	+7	not stable			400
			[57]		+	20–96	+65	0.1			500
			[64]		+ + +	21–51	+2,000 −30,000	1.4
			[55]		+ + +	31–53			7.3	1 s	1,000
				[65]	+ + +	−3–76	1				0