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. 2015 Dec 1;9:320. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00320

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Copyright © 2015 Caporali, Cutuli, Gelfo, Laricchiuta, Foti, De Bartolo, Angelucci and Petrosini.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Experimental timing: female rats reared according to different pre-reproductive conditions (EF: enriched females; SF: standard females); cross- or in- fostering procedures (○); behavioral testing (Nesting activity and Maternal care observations); biochemical analyses (■, BDNF determination). Groups of male pups according to pre-reproductive conditions of foster and biological mothers (EeP: pups reared by an EF and born to another EF; EsP: pups reared by an EF but born to a SF; SsP: pups reared by a SF and born to another SF; SeP: pups reared by a SF but born to an EF); behavioral testing (MWM, Morris Water Maze). EE, environmental enrichment; SC, standard condition; pnd, post-natal day; ppd, post-partum day.