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. 2015 Dec 1;9:320. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00320

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Copyright © 2015 Caporali, Cutuli, Gelfo, Laricchiuta, Foti, De Bartolo, Angelucci and Petrosini.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Results of pre-reproductive maternal enrichment and fostering manipulations on maternal behaviors: pie charts show sum of different kind of maternal behaviors (pup-directed, non-pup-directed and other behaviors) (A). Histograms show total duration of Licking (B), and Sniffing (C) behaviors of EeF, EsF, SeF, and SsF dams (^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01).