Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| Characteristic | NGR (0) | IGR | Type 2 diabetes (4) | p value | Homogeneity of groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolated IFG (1) | Isolated IGT (2) | IFG and IGT (3) | |||||
| n | 599 | 230 | 286 | 214 | 327 | - | - |
| Male, n(%) | 200 (43.4) | 96 (41.7) | 84 (29.4) | 86 (40.2) | 129 (39.4) | 0.008 | - |
| Age (years) | 54.2 ± 8.3 | 56.3 ± 7.5 | 55.6 ± 8.1 | 56.9 ± 7.4 | 57.3 ± 7.7 | <0.0001 | (0) (1,2,3,4) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 3.7 | 25.1 ± 3.4 | 24.7 ± 3.4 | 25.1 ± 3.9 | 25.5 ± 3.6 | <0.0001 | (0,1,2,3) (1,3,4) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84.0 ± 10.3 | 86.8 ± 10.0 | 84.5 ± 9.7 | 85.3 ± 11.8 | 88.0 ± 10.8 | <0.0001 | (0,2,3) (1.3) (1,4) |
| Waist/hip ratio | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | 0.89 ± 0.07 | 0.89 ± 0.13 | 0.93 ± 0.16 | 0.012 | (0,1,2,3) (1,2,3,4) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 2.3 | <0.0001 | (0,2) (1,3) (4) |
| 2 h OGTT plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 6.3 ± 1.0 | 9.0 ± 0.9 | 9.1 ± 0.9 | 13.2 ± 5.0 | <0.0001 | (0,1) (2,3) (4) |
| Fasting serum insulin (mmol/l) | 5.50 (3.90–7.63) | 6.20 (4.30–8.78) | 6.25 (4.23–8.60) | 6.80 (4.50–9.90) | 7.20 (4.70–10.20) | <0.0001 | (0) (1,2,3) (4) |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 6.3 ± 1.4 | <0.0001 | (0) (1,2) (1,3) (4) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.39 (0.95–1.87) | 1.79 (1.26–2.53) | 1.64 (1.15–2.31) | 1.93 (1.33–2.80) | 2.37 (1.47–3.39) | <0.0001 | (0) (1,2) (1,3) (4) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 ± 19 | 136 ± 20 | 132 ± 19 | 139 ± 17 | 141 ± 20 | <0.0001 | (0,2) (1) (3,4) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81 ± 11 | 82 ± 10 | 82 ± 10 | 84 ± 11 | 84 ± 11 | <0.0001 | (0,1,2) (1,3) (3,4) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.81 ± 0.83 | 5.09 ± 0.84 | 4.92 ± 0.86 | 5.13 ± 0.91 | 5.23 ± 0.91 | <0.0001 | (0,2) (1,3,4) |
| Triacylglycerol (mmol/l) | 1.39 ± 0.85 | 1.75 ± 1.36 | 1.83 ± 1.11 | 2.20 ± 1.85 | 2.17 ± 1.55 | <0.0001 | (0) (1,2) (3,4) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.67 ± 0.70 | 2.83 ± 0.68 | 2.68 ± 0.68 | 2.81 ± 0.68 | 2.87 ± 0.77 | <0.0001 | (0,2) (1,3,4) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.37 ± 0.30 | 1.34 ± 0.30 | 1.32 ± 0.29 | 1.28 ± 0.35 | 1.32 ± 0.33 | 0.009 | (0,1,2,4) (1,2,3,4) |
| White blood cell count (×109) | 5.7 ± 1.3 | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 6.4 ± 1.6 | 6.5 ± 1.7 | <0.0001 | (0) (1,2,3) (3,4) |
| ACR (mg/g) | 7 (4–11) | 8 (5–14) | 8 (4–13) | 8 (5–15) | 10 (6–20) | <0.0001 | (0) (1,2,3) (4) |
| Serum creatinine concentration (mmol/l) | 62.0 (56.4–69.1) | 66.1 (60.4–74.3) | 62.5 (57.4–69.4) | 65.6 (59.4–73.0) | 66.3 (60.2–73.9) | 0.55 | (0,1,2,3,4) |
| GFR (ml min−1 1.73 m−2) | 126.7 (112.7–142.7) | 120.6 (108.4–136.3) | 122.7 (110.3–138.9) | 120.4 (106.8–133.8) | 118.5 (105.6–134.9) | 0.029 | (0,1,2,3) (4) |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 147 (24.5) | 56 (24.3) | 59 (20.6) | 65 (30.4) | 78 (23.9) | 0.172 | - |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 148 (24.7) | 68 (30.0) | 72 (25.2) | 72 (33.6) | 93 (28.4) | 0.099 | - |
| Postmenopausal women, n (%) | 301 (50.3) | 102 (44.3) | 153 (53.5) | 101 (47.2) | 156 (47.7) | 0.149 | - |
| OPG (μg/l) | 2.63 ± 0.95 | 2.95 ± 1.01 | 2.98 ± 1.03 | 2.96 ± 1.00 | 3.02 ± 1.09 | <0.0001 | (0) (1,2,3,4) |
Values are mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) or number (proportion)
p values were for the ANOVA or χ2 analyses across the five groups