Table 3.
Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated With Medical School Faculty Rank in 2014
| Full Professora
|
Associate or Full Professorb
|
Full Professorc
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No./Total (%) of Professors |
Absolute Difference In Proportion
|
No./Total (%) of Professors |
Absolute Difference In Proportion
|
No./Total (%) of Professors |
Absolute Difference In Proportion
|
||||
| Unadjusted,% | Adjusted (95% CI)d | Unadjusted,% | Adjusted (95% CI)d | Unadjusted,% | Adjusted (95% CI)d | ||||
| Sample, No. | 91 073 (All faculty) | 91 073 (All faculty) | 41 054 (Associate or full faculty) | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Men | 17 354/60 609 (28.6) | 1 [Reference] | 31 353/60 609 (51.7) | 1 [Reference] | 17354/31 353 (55.4) | 1 [Reference] | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Women | 3623/30 464 (11.9) | −16.7 | −3.8 (−4.4 to −3.3) | 9701/30 464 (31.8) | −19.9 | −2.8 (−3.4 to −2.2) | 3623/9701 (37.3) | −18.1 | −6.2 (−7.2 to −5.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Age, y | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| <40 | 142/17 535 (0.8) | 1 [Reference] | 611/17 535 (3.5) | 1 [Reference] | 142/611 (23.2) | 1 [Reference] | |||
|
| |||||||||
| 40–44 | 207/14 218 (1.5) | 0.7 | −1.4 (−2.6 to −0.2) | 2850/14 218 (20.0) | 16.5 | 18.1 (16.8 to 19.4) | 207/2850 (7.3) | −15.9 | −35.5 (−40.4 to −30.5) |
|
| |||||||||
| 45–49 | 1180/12 369 (9.5) | 8.7 | 9.1 (7.8 to 10.4) | 5428/12 369 (43.9) | 40.4 | 31.4 (29.9 to 32.9) | 1180/5428 (21.7) | −1.5 | −18.8 (−23.4 to −14.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| 50–54 | 3042/11 912 (25.5) | 24.7 | 18.1 (16.7 to 19.6) | 7231/11 912 (60.7) | 57.2 | 35.6 (33.9 to 37.2) | 3042/7231 (42.1) | 18.9 | −4.9 (−9.6 to −0.2) |
|
| |||||||||
| 55–59 | 4383/11 401 (38.4) | 37.6 | 19.9 (18.4 to 21.5) | 7795/11 401 (68.4) | 64.9 | 33.3 (31.5 to 35.1) | 4383/7795 (56.2) | 33 | −1.6 (−6.4 to 3.2) |
|
| |||||||||
| 60–64 | 4496/9140 (49.2) | 48.4 | 19.7 (18 21.3) | 6753/9140 (73.9) | 70.4 | 29.2 (27.2 to 31.1) | 4496/6753 (66.6) | 43.4 | −0.3 (−5.3 to 4.7) |
|
| |||||||||
| >65 | 7527/14 498 (51.9) | 51.1 | 15.2 (13.6 to 16.9) | 10 386/14 498 (71.6) | 68.1 | 22.6 (20.7 to 24.5) | 7527/10 386 (72.5) | 49.3 | −5.4 (−10.6 to −0.2) |
|
| |||||||||
| Years since residency (per 1 y) | 1.1 (1 to 1.1) | 1.4 (1.4 to 1.5) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.7) | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Specialty | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Anesthesiology | 874/5657 (15.4) | 1 [Reference] | 2067/5657 (36.5) | 1 [Reference] | 874/2067 (42.3) | 1 [Reference] | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Cardiology | 1159/3996 (29.0) | 13.6 | −0.2 (−1.5 to 1.1) | 2062/3996 (51.6) | 15.1 | −1.9 (−3.4 to −0.3) | 1159/2062 (56.2) | 13.9 | −1.1 (−3.8 to 1.5) |
|
| |||||||||
| Emergency medicine | 386/3508 (11.0) | −4.4 | −0.1 (−1.7 to 1.6) | 1042/3508 (29.7) | −6.8 | 0.6 (−1.1 to 2.2) | 386/1042 (37.0) | −5.3 | 1.5 (−1.8 to 4.9) |
|
| |||||||||
| Family medicine | 535/3795 (14.1) | −1.3 | −1.2 (−2.7 to 0.2) | 1294/3795 (34.1) | −2.4 | −2.5 (−4 to −0.9) | 535/1294 (41.3) | −1.0 | 0.0 (−3 to 3.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Gastroenterology | 563/1987 (28.3) | 12.9 | 1.0 (−0.7 to 2.7) | 1000/1987 (50.3) | 13.8 | 0.4 (−1.6 to 2.4) | 563/1000 (56.3) | 14 | 0.8 (−2.6 to 4.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Hematology/oncology | 1007/3148 (32.0) | 16.6 | 0.5 (−0.9 to 2) | 1730/3148 (55.0) | 18.5 | −2.0 (−3.8 to −0.3) | 1007/1730 (58.2) | 15.9 | −0.3 (−3.2 to 2.5) |
|
| |||||||||
| Infectious disease | 619/1976 (31.3) | 15.9 | 3.0 (1.3 to 4.7) | 1125/1976 (56.9) | 20.4 | 4.4 (2.4 to 6.3) | 619/1125 (55.0) | 12.7 | 0.9 (−2.2 to 4.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Internal medicine | 1434/8902 (16.1) | 0.7 | −0.5 (−1.7 to 0.7) | 3239/8902 (36.4) | −0.1 | −0.2 (−1.5 to 1.1) | 1434/3239 (44.3) | 2 | −0.4 (−2.8 to 2) |
|
| |||||||||
| Neurology | 1107/3880 (28.5) | 13.1 | 3.3 (1.9 to 4.7) | 1956/3880 (50.4) | 13.9 | 2.7 (1.1 to 4.3) | 1107/1956 (56.6) | 14.3 | 2.6 (−0.1 to 5.3) |
|
| |||||||||
| OB/GYN | 767/3822 (20.1) | 4.7 | 1.4 (0 to 2.8) | 1634/3822 (42.8) | 6.3 | 1.8 (0.3 to 3.3) | 767/1634 (46.9) | 4.6 | 0.9 (−1.9 to 3.7) |
|
| |||||||||
| Orthopedic surgery | 597/2477 (24.1) | 8.7 | 0.8 (−0.8 to 2.4) | 1221/2477 (49.3) | 12.8 | 1.6 (−0.2 to 3.4) | 597/1221 (48.9) | 6.6 | −0.2 (−3.2 to 2.9) |
|
| |||||||||
| Other | 3283/11 674 (28.1) | 12.7 | 2.2 (1.1 to 3.3) | 5913/11 674 (50.7) | 14.2 | 2.3 (1 to 3.5) | 3283/5913 (55.5) | 13.2 | 1.8 (−0.3 to 4) |
|
| |||||||||
| Pathology | 1088/3479 (31.3) | 15.9 | 6.7 (5.2 to 8.2) | 1974/3479 (56.7) | 20.2 | 7.9 (6.3 to 9.4) | 1088/1974 (55.1) | 12.8 | 7.4 (4.7 to 10) |
|
| |||||||||
| Pediatrics | 2395/12 396 (19.3) | 3.9 | 1.4 (0.3 to 2.5) | 5086/12 396 (41.0) | 4.5 | 1.7 (0.5 to 2.9) | 2395/5086 (47.1) | 4.8 | −0.2 (−2.4 to 2) |
|
| |||||||||
| Psychiatry | 1018/4789 (21.3) | 5.9 | −1.6 (−2.9 to −0.4) | 1983/4789 (41.4) | 4.9 | −2.2 (−3.7 to −0.8) | 1018/1983 (51.3) | 9 | −2.6 (−5.2 to 0.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Radiology | 1148/5003 (22.9) | 7.5 | 2.5 (1.1 to 3.8) | 2155/5003 (43.1) | 6.6 | 0.2 (−1.3 to 1.7) | 1148/2155 (53.3) | 11 | 4.4 (1.8 to 7) |
|
| |||||||||
| Surgery, general | 1232/4455 (27.7) | 12.3 | 5.4 (4 to 6.8) | 2294/4455 (51.5) | 15 | 4.3 (2.8 to 5.8) | 1232/2294 (53.7) | 11.4 | 6.6 (4 to 9.2) |
|
| |||||||||
| Surgery, subspecialty | 1765/6129 (28.8) | 13.4 | 3.5 (2.2 to 4.7) | 3279/6129 (53.5) | 17 | 3.2 (1.8 to 4.6) | 1765/3279 (53.8) | 11.5 | 3.7 (1.3 to 6.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Publications (per 1 publication)e | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Total | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.2) | 0.4 (0.3 to 0.4) | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.2) | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| First or last author | 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.3) | 0.2 (0.2 to 0.3) | ||||||
|
| |||||||||
| NIH grantf | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| No | 16 142/82 777 (19.5) | 1 [Reference] | 34 157/82 777 (41.3) | 1 [Reference] | 16 142/34 157 (47.3) | 1 [Reference] | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Yes | 4835/8296 (58.3) | 38.8 | 3.9 (3.0 to 4.7) | 6897/8296 (83.1) | 41.8 | 3.7 (2.5 to 4.8) | 4835/6897 (70.1) | 22.8 | 4.7 (3.3 to 6.1) |
|
| |||||||||
| Clinical trial investigator | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| No | 17 586/83 763 (21.0) | 1 [Reference] | 35 621/83 763 (42.5) | 1 [Reference] | 17 586/35 621 (49.4) | 1 [Reference] | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Yes | 3391/7310 (46.4) | 25.4 | 5.9 (5.1 to 6.8) | 5433/7310 (74.3) | 31.8 | 8.4 (7.4 to 9.5) | 3391/5433 (62.4) | 13 | 6.4 (5 to 7.8) |
|
| |||||||||
| Top-20 medical school | 13 879/65 007 | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| No | 7098/26 066 (21.4) | 1 [Reference] | 27 855/65 007 (42.8) | 1 [Reference] | 13 879/27 855 (49.8) | 1 [Reference] | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Yes | 17 586/83 763 (27.2) | 5.8 | 1.5 (−1.5 to 4.5) | 13 199/26 066 (50.6) | 7.8 | −0.1 (−4.3 to 4.2) | 7098/13 199 (53.8) | 4 | 1.4 (−2.4 to 5.2) |
Abbreviation: NIH, National Institutes of Health; OB/GYN, obstetrics and gynecology.
Factors associated with full professorship among faculty of all ranks.
Factors associated with associate or full professorship among faculty of all ranks.
Factors associated with full professorship among faculty at the associate or full professor rank.
Each model estimated the association between faculty rank and physician sex, adjusted for age, years since residency, specialty, publications (total, as well as first and last author), whether a physician was ever principal investigator on an NIH grant, whether a physician had conducted a clinical trial, and whether a physician was faculty at a top-20 US medical school in terms of US News & World Report 2013 medical school research ranking.
Number of authored scientific publications was based on publications indexed in the US National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database (not excluded to first- or last-author publications). The reported association between faculty rank and publication count (or years since residency) reflects the marginal effect of an additional publication (or year after residency) on the probability of a given faculty rank.
NIH grant information was obtained from the NIH RePORT grants database. Clinical trial information was obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov database.