TABLE 1:

Summary of cellular pathways targeted by pathogens.

Pathway/structure	Pathogenic process	Pathogens	Host targets	References
Cytoskeleton	Inhibit phagocytosis	Many extracellular pathogens, e.g., Clostridium spp., Yersinia spp.	Rho proteins, actin	Lemichez and Aktories, 2013
	Phagocytosis	Most intracellular pathogens	Rho proteins, signaling proteins, phagocytic proteins, actin	Pizarro-Cerdá and Cossart, 2006
	Movement, spread	Many pathogens, e.g., L. monocytogenes, S. flexneri, E. coli, vaccinia virus	Arp2/3 complex, signaling proteins, actin	Welch and Way, 2013
Membrane trafficking	Growth/replication	Many extracellular pathogens, e.g., C. botulinum, C. tetani; many intracellular pathogens, e.g., T. cruzi, L. pneumophila	SNARE proteins, Rab proteins, Arf proteins	Asrat et al., 2014
Cell cycle	Growth/replication	Many viruses, e.g., adenovirus, human papilloma virus, SV40	pRb, cyclins, Cdks	Bagga and Bouchard, 2014
Signal transduction	Growth/replication	Many pathogens, e.g., vaccinia virus, RSV, A-MuLV	Tyrosine kinases, other kinases, GTPases, lipid modifiers	Martin, 2004
Autophagy	Growth/replication	Many intracellular pathogens, e.g., S. Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes, S. flexneri, M. tuberculosis	NDP52, p62, optineurin	Mostowy, 2014; Sorbara and Girardin, 2015
Cell death	Growth/replication	Many pathogens, e.g., S. Typhimurium, P. falciparum	Caspase-1, inflammasomes, p53, Bcl-2	Guo et al., 2015

This table is meant to provide important and interesting examples without being comprehensive.