Table 1.
Non-motor, cognitive, and physiological outcomes means, standard errors, and effects by writing condition and timepoint
| Expressive writing | Neutral writing | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome mean (SE) | Pre | Post | 4 M | 10 M | Pre | Post | 4 M | 10 M | Effects | F value | p value | η 2 |
| Self-reported non-motor functioning | ||||||||||||
| MAQ | 48.16 (2.35) | 46.86 (2.03) | 45.48 (2.14) | 46.51 (1.99) | 48.11 (2.48) | 45.90 (2.15) | 43.94 (2.26) | 44.18 (2.10) | Time | 3.65 | .016* | .13 |
| Time X Condition | .40 | .75 | .02 | |||||||||
| BDI-II | 6.70 (1.46) | 4.53 (.98) | 5.99 (1.27) | 6.03 (1.10) | 6.20 (1.54) | 4.66 (1.04) | 4.65 (1.34) | 5.03 (1.16) | Time | 2.53 | .064** | .09 |
| Time X Condition | .45 | .720 | .02 | |||||||||
| AS | 9.66 (1.12) | 10.35 (1.25) | 10.76 (1.27) | 11.06 (1.37) | 8.98 (1.18) | 6.94 (1.32) | 8.10 (1.34) | 8.60 (1.44) | Time | .76 | .521 | .03 |
| Time X Condition | 1.03 | .383 | .04 | |||||||||
| LASA | 8.19 (.40) | 8.63 (.36) | 8.53 (.53) | 7.89 (.52) | 7.95 (.42) | 8.31 (.38) | 8.41 (.55) | 7.68 (.55) | Time | 2.01 | .120 | .07 |
| Time X Condition | .17 | .916 | .01 | |||||||||
| ECOG | 66.03 (5.75) | 57.97 (2.95) | 61.05 (4.19) | 57.88 (4.31) | 51.63 (6.82) | 48.81 (3.50) | 48.94 (4.97) | 51.31 (5.12) | Time | 1.94 | .132 | .08 |
| Time X Condition | 1.02 | .387 | .04 | |||||||||
| PD-NMS (N = 19) | 6.73 (1.34) | 7.46 (1.04) | 6.55 (1.35) | 8.27 (1.35) | 9.88 (1.57) | 8.00 (1.22) | 8.75 (1.59) | 10.38 (1.58) | Time | 2.02 | .122 | .11 |
| Time X Condition | .98 | .408 | .06 | |||||||||
| PDQ-39 (N = 19) | 18.73 (5.16) | 20.46 (5.47) | 20.64 (4.70) | 23.91 (5.40) | 23.75 (6.06) | 20.63 (4.42) | 23.00 (5.51) | 22.63 (6.33) | Time | .55 | .652 | .03 |
| Time X Condition | .77 | .516 | .04 | |||||||||
| ZBI (N = 10) | 7.20 (2.00) | 5.20 (1.45) | 7.40 (2.03) | 7.00 (2.02) | 7.40 (2.00) | 4.40 (1.45) | 4.20 (2.03) | 4.80 (2.02) | Time | 1.88 | .160 | .19 |
| Time X Condition | 1.00 | .409 | .11 | |||||||||
| Cognitive performance | ||||||||||||
| Trails A | 47.06 (2.88) | 50.85 (2.91) | 52.71 (2.49) | 52.33 (3.23) | 50.60 (2.82) | 51.09 (2.84) | 50.58 (2.43) | 52.19 (3.16) | Time | 1.52 | .218 | .06 |
| Time X Condition | .94 | .426 | .04 | |||||||||
| Trails B | 51.64 (2.57) | 54.25 (3.16) | 54.74 (3.58) | 52.03 (3.74) | 51.14 (2.51) | 51.85 (3.09) | 54.95 (3.49) | 57.13 (3.65) | Time | 2.14 | .102 | .08 |
| Time X Condition | 2.14 | .102 | .08 | |||||||||
| ACT | 46.42 (1.59) | 47.91 (1.69) | 48.23 (1.72) | 48.63 (1.95) | 44.75 (1.56) | 47.76 (1.65) | 46.58 (1.68) | 48.20 (1.91) | Time | 2.58 | .060** | .10 |
| Time X Condition | .56 | .642 | .02 | |||||||||
| DS | 11.49 (.68) | 10.69 (.69) | 11.75 (.65) | 11.99 (.63) | 12.00 (.66) | 12.36 (.68) | 11.50 (.63) | 11.78 (.62) | Time | .28 | .838 | .01 |
| Time X Condition | 2.43 | .072** | .09 | |||||||||
| LNS (N = 18) | 11.70 (.72) | 12.27 (1.01) | 11.88 (.73) | 11.73 (.84) | 8.70 (.95) | 10.75 (1.35) | 9.80 (.97) | 9.35 (1.12) | Time | 1.56 | .214 | .10 |
| Time X Condition | .48 | .700 | .03 | |||||||||
| CVLT-II | ||||||||||||
| Trials 1–5 T | 55.92 (3.84) | 58.32 (3.33) | 57.46 (3.62) | 60.15 (3.38) | 53.53 (3.75) | 57.24 (3.25) | 58.93 (3.54) | 58.70 (3.30) | Time | 2.86 | .043* | .11 |
| Time X Condition | .49 | .691 | .02 | |||||||||
| CVLT-II Short Delay Free Recall | .17 (.36) | .44 (.35) | .48 (.45) | .31 (.35) | -.21 (.35) | .54 (.34) | .38 (.44) | .86 (.34) | Time | 3.54 | .019* | .13 |
| Time X Condition | 1.91 | .135 | .07 | |||||||||
| CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall | -.14 (.35) | .40 (.30) | .28 (.41) | .39 (.34) | .10 (.34) | .69 (.29) | .51 (.40) | .89 (.33) | Time | 5.76 | .001* | .19 |
| Time X Condition | .28 | .841 | .01 | |||||||||
| CVLT-II Recognition | -.11 (.36) | .22 (.33) | .38 (.37) | .44 (.35) | .23 (.35) | .09 (.32) | .54 (.36) | .50 (.35) | Time | 2.58 | .060** | .10 |
| Time X Condition | .56 | .642 | .02 | |||||||||
| Salivary cortisol (μg/dL, values represent mean levels across 60 min post waking) | Type III Tests of Fixed Effects | F value | p | |||||||||
| Full sample (N = 25) | .33 (.11) | .29 (.11) | .35 (.11) | .40 (.11) | .36 (.11) | .54 (.12) | .64 (.12) | .65 (.13) | Time | 1.08 | .366 | |
| Time X Condition | .88 | .456 | ||||||||||
| Time X Condition X Status | 2.78 | .049* | ||||||||||
| Patients (N = 16) | .28 (.12) | .23 (.12) | .32 (.13) | .29 (.12) | .37 (.13) | .73 (.13) | .43 (.14) | .63 (.15) | Time | 1.31 | .288 | |
| Time X Condition | 2.62 | .067** | ||||||||||
| Caregivers, (N = 9) | .38 (.20) | .34 (.20) | .37 (.20) | .50 (.20) | .34 (.20) | .35 (.20) | .84 (.22) | .66 (.22) | Time | 1.34 | .287 | |
| Time X Condition | 1.24 | .319 | ||||||||||
N = 29 for all analyses unless otherwise specified
Alpha level is designated as *p <.05, and **p <.10 designates a marginally significant trend
η 2 = proportion of variance accounted for by each effect (e.g., .31 = 31 %)
Interpretation of η 2 effect sizes should be as follows: ≥ .02 = small effect, ≥ .13 = medium effect, ≥ .26 = large effect
Outcome abbreviations are as follows: MAQ multidimensional anxiety questionnaire, BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory-II, AS apathy scale, LASA linear analogue self assessment, ECOG everyday cognition scale, PD-NMS Parkinson’s disease non-motor symptom questionnaire, PDQ-39 Parkinson’s disease quality of life-39, ZBI Zarit Burden inventory, ACT auditory consonant trigrams, DS digit span, LNS letter number sequencing, CVLT-II California verbal learning test-II, CAR cortisol awakening response