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Upstream signaling of RAS. Activated growth-factor-recptor tyrosine kinases undergo autophosphorylation and interact with the adaptor proteins SHC and GRB2. These proteins associate with various GEFs which exchange GDP for GTP, thereby activating the RAS protein. GAPs stimulate the RAS protein’s intrinsic GTPase activity, causing the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, thereby inactivating the protein.
