Table 3. Association of lifestyle factors with CP/CPPS risk in HPFS from 1986 to 2008.
| CP/CPPS* | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle Factors |
|
||
| No. Cases | OR (95% CI)† | p Value‡ (trend) | |
| BMI (kg/m2): | |||
| Less than 25.0 | 306 | 1.00 | |
| 25.0–27.4 | 212 | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | |
| 27.5–29.9 | 84 | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) | |
| 30.0 or Greater | 51 | 1.06 (0.77–1.44) | 0.62 |
| Waist circumference (in):§ | |||
| Less than 34.50 | 95 | 1.00 | |
| 34.50–36.00 | 92 | 1.24 (0.93–1.67) | |
| 36.25–37.75 | 130 | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | |
| 38.00–40.00 | 83 | 1.13 (0.83–1.54) | |
| 40.25 or Greater | 88 | 1.09 (0.80–1.48) | 0.87 |
| Waist-hip ratio:§ | |||
| Less than 0.90 | 123 | 1.00 | |
| 0.90–0.92 | 99 | 0.87 (0.67–1.14) | |
| 0.93–0.94 | 84 | 1.24 (0.93–1.65) | |
| 0.95–0.98 | 127 | 1.22 (0.94–1.58) | |
| 0.99 or Greater | 55 | 0.84 (0.60–1.18) | 0.77 |
| Smoking: | |||
| Never | 327 | 1.00 | |
| Former | |||
| Quit 10 yrs or greater | 181 | 1.04 (0.86–1.26) | |
| Quit less than 10 yrs | 99 | 1.34 (1.06–1.70) | |
| Current | |||
| Current, less than 15 cigarettes/day | 18 | 0.95 (0.58–1.54) | |
| Current, 15 cigarettes/day or greate | 28 | 1.01 (0.68–1.50) | 0.29 |
| Hypertension: | |||
| No | 532 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 121 | 1.15 (0.93–1.42) | 0.19 |
*
NIH-CPSI pain score 8 or greater.
†
Multivariable model adjusted for age (5-year intervals), race/ethnicity (white, African-American, Asian and other), BPH/LUTS history (yes or no), physical activity (MET-hours per week in quintiles), total calorie intake (kcal per day in quintiles) and alcohol intake (0, 0.1 to 4.9, 5.0 to 14.9, 15.0 to 29.9 and 30.0 gm per day or greater), including other lifestyle factors simultaneously, for waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio models did not include BMI and for lifestyle factors other than obesity measurements models were adjusted for BMI and not waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio.
‡
Median of each exposure category was used.
§
Cases do not sum to total because of missing values.