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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014 Dec 30;148:62–68. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.018

Table 3.

Results of multilevel logistic regression models predicting opioid use during treatment from time, covariates, drug spending variables, and source of prescription opioids.

Predictors/covariates	Total drug spending		Proportion drug spending

	Model 1 OR (SE)	Model 2 OR (SE)	Model 1 OR (SE)	Model 2 OR (SE)
Week	0.52 (0.02)^***	0.52 (0.02)^***	0.52 (0.02)^***	0.52 (0.02)^***
Week²	1.04 (0.004)^***	1.04 (0.004)^***	1.04 (0.004)^***	1.04 (0.004)^***
Years of education	1.07 (0.05)	1.05 (0.05)	1.10 (0.05)^*	1.09 (0.05)^*
Major depression (lifetime)	0.80 (0.16)	0.80 (0.16)	0.73 (0.15)	0.73 (0.15)
Pre-treatment prescription opioid use	1.03 (0.03)	1.03 (0.03)	1.04 (0.03)	1.04 (0.03)
Heroin use	2.00 (0.44)^***	2.06 (0.45)^***	1.88 (0.41)^**	1.92 (0.42)^**
Non-oral use of prescription opioids	0.66 (0.19)	0.63 (0.18)	0.68 (0.20)	0.67 (0.20)
Drug spending (total or proportion)	1.27 (0.08)^***	1.30 (0.09)^***	1.31 (0.08)^***	1.31 (0.08)^***
Doctor obtaining frequency score		0.94 (0.07)		0.92 (0.06)
Dealer/patient obtaining score		0.90 (0.08)		0.94 (0.08)

^*

p < .05,

^**

p < .01,

^***

p < .001.