Fig. 3.

Cholinergic mechanisms regulate 2-AG levels in jejunum. A: effects of vagotomy on levels of 2-AG in jejunum mucosa of rats. FF is denoted by open bars, while FD is denoted by closed bars. Sham, sham surgery; VGX, full subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. *P < 0.05; n = 4 or 5/condition. Two-way ANOVA [interaction between surgery and feeding conditions; F (1,13) = 5.714, P < 0.05], Newman-Keuls multiple-comparison test. B: effects of blockade of muscarinic ACh receptors with atropine on levels of 2-AG in jejunum mucosa. Atr, atropine, 1 mg/kg ip. ***P < 0.001; (n = 4–6/condition). Two-way ANOVA [interaction between drug treatment and feeding conditions; F(1,16) = 6.798, P < 0.05], Newman-Keuls multiple-comparison test. C: expression of messenger RNA for cannabinoid receptor 1 (Cnr1), m₃ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (Chrm3), and m₁ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (Chrm1) in brain and intestine of rat. Full-length complementary DNA Cnr1, Chrm3, or Chrm1 were amplified using first-strand cDNA, which was obtained by reverse transcription of total mRNA prepared from rat brain (B, cerebellum) or jejunum mucosa (M). MW, molecular weight size marker in base pair (bp). Theoretical molecular size of the target cDNAs (bp): Cnr1, 1520; Chrm3, 1770; and Chrm1, 1383. D: effects of local blockade of m₃ muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on levels of 2-AG in jejunum mucosa. DAU, DAU5884 300 nmol, intraduodenal administration. ***P < 0.001 (n = 5/condition). Student's t-tests, two-tailed. E: effects of local blockade of m₁ muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on levels of 2-AG in jejunum mucosa. Pir, Pirenzepine, 300 nmol id, n = 5 or 6/condition. Student's t-tests, two-tailed. Results are expressed as means ± SE.