Figure 3. Bile acids, via their direct effects on nuclear receptors (FXR, PXR, CAR and PPARα), not only regulate their own synthesis, metabolism and clearance, but also play a significant role in glucose, lipid and cholesterol metabolism and xenobiotic (phase 0‐III) metabolism .

PPARα, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α. SHP, small heterodimer partner; UGT, uridine 5'‐diphospo‐glucuronosyltransferase; SULTs, sulfotransferases.