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. 2015 Dec 2;5:17425. doi: 10.1038/srep17425

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Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited

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Proposed model of Heat Shock Proteins (HSP),Capthesin and Glutamate Receptor (iGluR) roles in cnidarian molecular defense priming: (1) HSP are up regulated and some are extracellularly secreted where bind to peptides and act as DAMPs; (2) as DAMPs, HSP help with a faster activation of the innate complement system, and/or (3) interact and cause a quicker activation of outer host cell membrane TLRs; (4) intracellularly, up-regulated HSP proteins can be delivered into lysosomes in which they can also interact and activate endosomal cell membrane TLRs; (5) higher production of Capthesin are delivered into lysosomes in which they can also interact and activate endosomal cell membrane TLRs; (6) activated TLRs either from the outer membrane or endosomal membranes will trigger cell signaling pathways that will converge in the activation of transcription factors (likely NF-kappa β) that will ultimately induce the expression of immune-related genes (7) resulting in the production of potential pro-inflammatory molecules; (8) Higher expression of iGluR expressed on the outer membrane will also facilitate a faster sensing of potential DAMPs upon secondary exposure of pathogens.