Table 1. Cancer-Testis Antigens With Expression in Multiple Myeloma (MM) Patients.

Gene	Expression Pattern Among Normal Tissues	Chromosomal Location	Physiological Function	Expression Frequency in MM Patients	Reference
ADAM2	Testis-selective	8p11.2	Sperm-egg membrane binding	Analyzed only in MM cell lines	(30, 31)
AKAP4	Testis-selective	Xp11.2	Signal transduction via targeting cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase-A	42%	(32, 33)
BAGE	Testis-selective	21p11.1	-	27%	(34, 35)
BRDT	Testis-selective	1p22.1	May have a role in spermatogenesis	2%	(36)
CCDC36	Testis/brain-restricted	3p21.31	-	56%	(16)
CDCA1(NUF2)	Testis-selective	1q23	Kinetochore-microtubule interactions, chromosome alignment and segregation	58%	(16, 37)
CEP290	Testis-selective	12q21.32	Microtubule organization and ciliogenesis	68%	(16, 38)
CEP55	Testis-selective	10q23.33	Has an important role in cytokinesis	77%	(16, 39)
CPXCR1	Testis-restricted	Xq21.3	-	51%	(16)
CRISP2	Testis-selective	6p21 - qter	Regulate ion channel activity	6%	(36)
CT45	Not available	Xq26.3	Modulation of cell morphology, cell adherence and cell motility	6 - 40%	(36)
CTAGE1	Testis/brain-restricted	18p11.2	-	56 - 92%	(16, 40, 41)
CTAGE5	Testis-selective	14q13.3	-	95%	(16)
CTTNNA2	Testis/brain-restricted	2p12 - p11.1	Regulator for the stability of synaptic contacts	26.5-61%	(16, 42)
DDX43	Testis-selective	6q12 - q13	-	24%	(36)
DSCR8	Testis-selective	21q22.2	-	10%	(36)
FAM133A	Testis/brain-restricted	Xq21.32	-	79 - 86%	(16)
FATE1	Testis-selective	Xq28	-	39%	(16)
IGSF11	Testis-selective	3q13.32	Cell adhesion	60%	(16)
JARID1B	Testis-selective	1q32.1	A strong transcriptional repressor	82%	(16)
KM-HN-1	Not available	4q35.1	-	15 - 56%	(36)
LDHC	Testis-selective	11p15.3 - p15.5	A metabolic catalyst	11%	(30, 36)
LIP1	Testis-selective	21q11.2	-	Analyzed only in MM cell lines	(30)
MAGE-A1	Testis-restricted	Xq28	MAGE-A proteins interact with p53 proteins and may block the association of p53 with its cognate sites in chromatin.	16 - 22%	(16, 35)
MAGE-B2	Testis-restricted	Xp21.3	Activate RING E3 ubiquitin ligases	28 - 47%	(16)
MAGE-C1	Testis-restricted	Xq26	Activate RING E3 ubiquitin ligases	61 - 73%	(16)
MAGE-C2	Testis/brain-restricted	Xq27	Activate RING E3 ubiquitin ligases	9.5 - 29%	(16)
MORC	Testis-selective	3q13	Spermatogenesis	57%	(36)
NOL4	Testis-selective	18q12	-	54%	(16, 43)
NY-ESO-1	Testis-restricted	Xq28	-	7 - 36%	(31, 35)
PAGE1	Not available	Xp11.23	-	3%	(36)
PAGE2	Testis-restricted	Xp11.21	-	6%	(16)
PASD1	Testis-restricted	Xq28	Transcription factor	87%	(44, 45)
PBK	Testis-selective	8p21.2	Protein kinase, control of cell proliferation	94%	(16)
PRAME	Testis-selective	22q11.22	-	23%	(34)
PTPN20A	Testis-selective	10q11.22	Tyrosine phosphatase	25%	(43)
ROPN1	Testis-restricted	3q21.1	Testis specific anchoring protein	44%	(46)
SPACA3	Testis-selective	17q11.2	Binding of spermatozoa to the oocytes during fertilization	33 - 55%	(36)
SPAG9	Testis-selective	17q21.33	A scaffolding protein	100%	(16)
SPANXC	Testis-restricted	Xq27.1	-	0.1 - 5%	(16, 36)
SPO11	Testis-selective	20q13.2 - q13.3	Homologous recombination during meiosis	0.2 - 27%	(16, 36)
SSX1	Testis-restricted	Xp11.23	Transcriptional regulator	30%	(16)
SYCP1	Testis-selective	1p12 - p13	Assembly of the synaptonemal complexes	10%	(47)
TEX14	testis-restricted	17q22	Intercellular bridges in germ cells	7%	(16, 43)
TDRD1		10q25.3	-	0.5%	(36)
TSPY1	Testis-restricted	Yp11.2	Control of cell cycle progression, cell proliferation and tumorigenesis	10%	(16)
XAGE1	Testis-selective	Xp11.22	-	1 - 20%	(16, 36)
XAGE3	Testis-selective	Xp11	-	4 - 12.5%	(36)