Table 3.
Impact of attachment, parenting, and ADHD symptoms on emotion processing and alexithymia in the extended ADHD group
| Dependent variable (emotion processing) | Independent variablesa (attachment, parenting memories, ADHD symptoms, medication, axis-I/II disorders, sex, age, and education) | β/t/p | ANOVA/R 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acceptance of own emotions (EES) | Secure (vs. anxious) in relation to mother (RASA) | −0.32/−2.4/0.024 | df = 9; F = 5.3; p < 0.001/R 2 = 0.65 |
| Secure (vs. anxious) in relation to partner (RASA) | 0.45/2.9/0.007 | ||
| Depend. (vs. independ.) in relation to partner (RASA) | −0.90/−2.3/0.027 | ||
| Feeling comfortable with closeness and intimacy (AAS) | −0.33/−2.4/0.026 | ||
| Feeling comfortable depending on others (AAS) | −0.27/2.1/0.049 | ||
| Rejection and punishment by mother (QRPRB) | −0.40/−2.6/0.015 | ||
| Rejection and punishment by father (QRPRB) | 0.28/2.1/0.046 | ||
| Antidepressant medication | −0.40/−3.0/0.005 | ||
| Education | −0.40/−2.9/0.007 | ||
| Experiencing being flooded with emotions (EES) | Secure (vs. anxious) in relation to mother (RASA) | 0.29/2.1/0.040 | df = 5; F = 6.4; p < 0.001/R 2 = 0.52 |
| Depend. (vs. independ.) in relation to partner (RASA) | −0.33/−2.4/0.022 | ||
| Anxiety about rejection or abandonment (AAS) | 0.55/3.9/0.001 | ||
| Childhood ADHD symptoms (WURS-k) | 0.32/2.4/0.021 | ||
| Current inattentiveness (ADHD-SR) | −0.29/−2.1/0.048 | ||
| Experiencing emotion regulation (EES) | Secure (vs. anxious) in relation to partner (RASA) | 0.45/3.6/0.001 | df = 5; F = 7.4; p < 0.001/R 2 = 0.55 |
| Emotional warmth of mother (QRPRB) | −0.27/−2.1/0.045 | ||
| Current hyperactivity (ADHD-SR) | −0.29/−2.1/0.042 | ||
| Antidepressant medication | −0.46/−3.4/0.002 | ||
| Number of axis-II disorders | 0.53/3.9/0.000 | ||
| Experiencing self-control (EES) | Feeling comfortable with closeness and intimacy (AAS) | 0.30/2.0/0.050 | df = 7; F = 3.8; p < 0.01/R 2 = 0.49 |
| Anxiety about rejection or abandonment (AAS) | −0.32/−1.9/0.068 | ||
| Emotional warmth of mother (QRPRB) | −0.50/−3.5/0.002 | ||
| Childhood ADHD symptoms (WURS-k) | −0.26/1.8/0.078 | ||
| Current hyperactivity (ADHD-SR) | −0.83/−2.1/0.011 | ||
| Current ADHD symptomatology (total) (ADHD-SR) | 0.64/2.0/0.055 | ||
| Methylphenidate medication | −0.42/−2.7/0.011 | ||
| Alexithymia (TAS-20) | Feeling comfortable with closeness and intimacy (AAS) | 0.30/2.0/0.050 | df = 2; F = 9.1; p < 0.01/R 2 = 0.36 |
| Emotional warmth of mother (QRPRB) | −0.50/−3.5/0.002 |
aCollinearity statistics indicated that the independent variables did not explain each other (all variables with a tolerance >0.1 and a variance inflation factor <10)