Table 1.

Ethogram for behavioural observations

Behaviour	Description
Point event behaviours
Rest together	Bird transitions to rest within one body length’s distance of nearest bird
Rest alone	Bird transitions to rest over one body length’s distance from nearest bird
Peck and modifiers	Bird’s head is thrust forward then retracted quickly, causing the beak to make/almost make contact with the (i) ground (peck ground), (ii) walls (peck wall), (iii) other birds (peck others), (iv) bird itself (allo-peck), (v) drinker or (vi) top/side of feeder (peck feeder). Peck total is the sum of all pecks
State event “posture” behaviours
Stand	Bird is stationary; body is elevated from the ground/feeder. Behaviour ends when two or more steps are taken in one direction, or body touches the ground/top of feeder for one or more seconds
Rest	Bird is stationary; body is touching the ground/top of feeder. Behaviour ends when body is elevated from the ground/feeder for one or more seconds
Walk	Standing bird takes two or more consecutive steps in one direction. Behaviour ends when bird is stationary for two or more seconds
State event “activities” behaviours
Feed	Bird pecks inside feeder. Behaviour ends when bird has not pecked into feeder for five or more seconds or takes two consecutive steps away from the feeder
Drink	Bird dips beak into the moat/pecks at the nipple of the drinker. Behaviour ends when bird has removed beak from the moat/has not pecked at the nipple for five or more seconds, or takes two consecutive steps away from drinker
Preen	Bird rubs beak through plumage. Behaviour ends when head is not in contact with feathers for two or more seconds or head remains stationary for five or more seconds
Other	Bird carries out a low-frequency behaviour (leg/wing stretch, fly, flap, dust bathe, fighting/aggression, display)
Reduced activity (RA)	Bird exhibits no behaviours in the “activities” category. Behaviour ends when any behaviour from this category begins
State event behaviours comprising “other”
Leg/wing stretch	Bird extends one or both leg(s) or wing(s) in a slow, prolonged manner. Behaviour ends when limb returns to original position or is left extended for five or more seconds
Fly	Bird raises and lowers wings repeatedly until no longer in contact with the ground/top of feeder. Behaviour ends when bird is in contact with the ground/top of feeder again
Flap	Bird extends wings, raising and lowering them one or more times but does not take flight. Behaviour ends when wings return to a stationary
Dust bathe	Bird rests on the ground and flicks wood shavings into its plumage. Behaviour ends when bird is motionless for two or more seconds or transitions to standing
Fighting/aggression	Bird displays one or more of the following behaviours: (i) repeatedly presses body/neck against conspecific in a forceful, jerking manner, (ii) runs in tight circles leaning onto conspecific and (iii) faces and pecks at conspecific forcefully possibly retaining hold of flaps of skin/feathers for several seconds. Behaviour ends when birds are no longer in contact for 5 or more seconds
Display	Bird alters appearance and increases size by means of piloerection, lifting its tail and stretching its wings downwards. Behaviour ends when bird’s appearance returns to normal.