Table 2.
Plant-based human vaccines in clinical trials.
| Pathogen or disease | Antigen | Plant | Expression system | Administration route | Clinical trial | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enterotoxigenic E. coli | LTB | Potato | Transgenic | Oral | Phase I | Tacket et al. [1998] |
| Enterotoxigenic E. coli | LTB | Maize | Transgenic | Oral | Phase I | Tacket et al. [2004] |
| Norovirus | Capsid protein | Potato | Transgenic | Oral | Phase I | Tacket et al. [2000] |
| Hepatitis B virus | Viral major surface protein | Lettuce | Transgenic | Oral | Phase I | Kapusta et al. [1999] |
| Hepatitis B virus | Viral major surface protein | Potato | Transgenic | Oral | Phase I | Thanavala et al. [2005] |
| Rabies virus | Glycoprotein and nucleoprotein (fusion) | Spinach | Viral vector (transient) | Oral | Phase I | Yusibov et al. [2002] |
| Influenza virus (H5N1) | HA | Nicotiana benthamiana | Launch vector (transient) | Intramuscular | Phase I | Chichester et al. [2012] |
| Influenza virus (H1N1; 2009 pandemic) | HA | Nicotiana benthamiana | Launch vector (transient) | Intramuscular | Phase I | Cummings et al. [2014] |
| Influenza virus (H5N1) | HA (H5; VLP) | Nicotiana benthamiana | Agrobacterial binary vector (transient) | Intramuscular | Phase IPhase II | D’Aoust et al. [2008] Landry et al. [2010] |
| Influenza virus (H7N9) | HA (H7; VLP) | Nicotiana benthamiana | Agrobacterial binary vector (transient) | Intramuscular | Phase I | Medicago Inc. (http://www.medicago.com) |
| Influenza virus | HA (VLP) (seasonal; quadrivalent) | Nicotiana benthamiana | Agrobacterial binary vector (transient) | Intramuscular | Phase I | Medicago Inc. (http://www.medicago.com) |
| Cholera | CTB | Rice | Transgenic | Oral | Phase I | Nochi et al. [2009] |
| Yuki et al. [2013] |