Table 3.
Drug Use Consequences, Readiness to Change, and Hair Testing Among Patients With Unhealthy Drug Use Identified by Screening
| Study Entry (n = 528) |
6 Months (n = 517) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | BNI | MOTIV | Control | Overall | BNI | MOTIV | Control | |
| SIP-D score, median (IQR)a | 6.0 (1.0-21.0) |
6.0 (1.0-19.0) |
7.0 (1.0-23.0) |
5.0 (1.0-18.5) |
3.0 (0.0-16.0) |
4.0 (0.0-14.0) |
3.0 (0.0-16.0) |
3.0 (0.0-16.0) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 12.0 (13.6) | 12.1 (13.8) | 12.7 (13.7) | 11.3 (13.3) | 9.3 (11.7) | 9.3 (11.8) | 9.2 (11.3) | 9.4 (12.1) |
|
| ||||||||
| Unsafe sex past 3 mo, No. (%) | 277 (57.6) | 95 (59.0) | 94 (58.0) | 88 (55.7) | 263 (55.8) | 88 (55.4) | 82 (51.9) | 93 (60.4) |
|
| ||||||||
| No. of unsafe sex encounters past 3 mo, median (IQR) |
3.0 (0.0-13.5) |
3.0 (0.0-17.0) |
2.0 (0.0-10.0) |
2.0 (0.0-13.0) |
2.0 (0.0-15.0) |
2.0 (0.0-10.0) |
1.0 (0.0-12.0) |
4.0 (0.0-15.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 16.1 (39.7) | 13.9 (24.2) | 17.6 (46.7) | 16.7 (44.5) | 13.2 (29.0) | 12.7 (26.0) | 14.0 (38.0) | 12.9 (19.9) |
|
| ||||||||
| Unsafe sex with nonprimary or transactional partners past 3 mo, No. (%) |
50 (10.3) | 14 (8.6) | 19 (11.7) | 17 (10.6) | 65 (13.5) | 21 (13.1) | 19 (11.7) | 25 (15.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Readiness to Change, No. (%) | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Precontemplation | 108 (20.5) | 34 (19.5) | 35 (19.8) | 39 (22.0) | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Contemplation | 111 (21.0) | 34 (19.5) | 42 (23.7) | 35 (19.8) | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Determination | 45 (8.5) | 19 (10.9) | 13 (7.3) | 13 (7.3) | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Action | 264 (50.0) | 87 (50.0) | 87 (49.2) | 90 (50.9) | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Hair Testing, No. (%) b | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Any drug use | 475 (96.2) | 160 (97.0) | 158 (95.8) | 157 (95.7) | 422 (92.8) | 142 (94.7) | 142 (92.8) | 138 (90.8) |
|
| ||||||||
| Any drug use (missing as positive) | 490 (96.3) | 164 (97.0) | 163 (95.9) | 163 (95.9) | 452 (93.2) | 150 (94.9) | 152 (93.2) | 150 (91.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| Any opioids | 86 (18.4) | 34 (22.2) | 19 (12.2) | 33 (20.9) | 67 (16.3) | 28 (20.9) | 21 (15.6) | 18 (12.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Any cocaine or benzoylecgonine | 249 (53.4) | 81 (52.9) | 89 (56.7) | 79 (50.6) | 199 (49.1) | 62 (45.9) | 70 (52.2) | 67 (49.3) |
|
| ||||||||
| Any carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol | 366 (75.6) | 120 (75.9) | 125 (77.2) | 121 (73.8) | 328 (74.7) | 106 (73.1) | 117 (79.6) | 105 (71.4) |
|
| ||||||||
| Hair Testing Quantitative Values, ng/mL c | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Codeine, median (IQR) | 1.8 (0.9-3.6) |
1.7 (1.0-2.4) |
1.9 (1.4-2.9) |
2.1 (0.7-4.0) |
2.9 (0.9-6.0) |
2.6 (1.4-5.9) |
3.7 (0.9-5.9) |
4.5 (1.2-7.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.3 (5.1) | 2.6 (2.6) | 5.0 (9.3) | 3.0 (3.4) | 7.1 (17.3) | 4.3 (4.8) | 12.1 (30.3) | 6.0 (6.91) |
|
| ||||||||
| Morphine, median (IQR) | 6.1 (2.1-11.8) |
6.4 (2.3-11.9) |
4.6 (2.1-9.4) |
6.2 (1.8-10.8) |
4.2 (1.9-9.0) |
4.2 (1.9-12.1) |
2.1 (1.6-5.1) |
6.5 (4.7-8.9) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 11.1 (14.9) | 11.9 (13.6) | 7.7 (8.6) | 12.2 (19.2) | 12.5 (20.4) | 13.2 (19.1) | 7.1 (13.8) | 17.9 (29.1) |
|
| ||||||||
| 6-Monoacetylmorphine, median (IQR) |
5.3 (2.8-17.8) |
5.3 (3.4-19.1) |
5.8 (4.5-7.6) |
3.6 (1.5-18.6) |
5.1 (1.6-14.1) |
7.1 (1.9-15.7) |
2.4 (0.8-11.5) |
4.9 (2.4-47.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 13.4 (19.7) | 11.4 (11.4) | 12.8 (18.6) | 16.4 (28.0) | 17.1 (42.8) | 11.8 (15.1) | 5.8 (6.7) | 45.8 (89.7) |
|
| ||||||||
| Oxycodone, median (IQR) | 2.8 (0.9-11.4) |
3.4 (0.9-12.3) |
2.1 (0.9-3.2) |
3.4 (1.1-9.7) |
2.7 (1.1-7.3) |
3.2 (1.1-7.3) |
2.4 (0.5-11.5) |
2.7 (1.9-6.2) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 12.8 (28.5) | 7.8 (8.6) | 20.1 (44.2) | 11.2 (23.4) | 11.3 (26.1) | 6.4 (8.5) | 10.9 (19.6) | 19.2 (46.1) |
|
| ||||||||
| Hydrocodone, median (IQR) | 1.7 (1.1-5.9) |
1.6 (0.9-17.1) |
2.6 (0.8-6.4) |
1.4 (1.1-5.1) |
2.8 (0.8-7.1) |
2.4 (0.6-5.3) |
6.6 (2.0-10.3) |
2.3 (0.8-5.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.9 (6.8) | 7.8 (9.3) | 6.6 (10.2) | 3.0 (2.8) | 8.2 (18.8) | 3.8 (4.0) | 19.7 (34.9) | 4.1 (5.1) |
|
| ||||||||
| Hydromorphone, median (IQR) | 0.5 (0.2-0.8) |
0.4 (0.2-0.8) |
0.4 (0.3-1.2) |
0.6 (0.2-0.8) |
0.4 (0.2-1.6) |
0.3 (0.2-2.7) |
1.2 (0.6-1.3) |
0.4 (0.2-1.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.9 (1.4) | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.8) | 1.1 (2.0) | 1.1 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.8) | 1.2 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.6) |
|
| ||||||||
| Cocaine, median (IQR) | 46.8 (11.1-197.0) |
38.2 (13.5-206.0) |
42.1 (10.6-138.0) |
64.7 (11.1-200.0) |
70.4 (12.5-200.0) |
89.6 (15.7-285.0) |
42.6 (8.9-145.0) |
87.5 (31.4-196.0) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 116.5 (137.6) |
122.4 (147.2) |
111.1 (143.2) |
116.6 (121.5) |
129.6 (138.4) |
155.5 (155.1) |
105.1 (128.3) |
131.2 (129.4) |
|
| ||||||||
| Benzoylecgonine, median (IQR) | 4.8 (1.3-15.7) |
4.2 (0.8-13.2) |
4.0 (0.9-12.7) |
5.9 (1.4-18.8) |
6.9 (1.5-16.1) |
6.8 (1.9-27.2) |
4.7 (1.1-13.0) |
9.1 (3.3-16.0) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 19.3 (49.0) | 23.3 (62.9) | 18.7 (52.3) | 16.0 (22.9) | 20.4 (41.7) | 33.9 (61.6) | 15.8 (33.1) | 12.5 (17.4) |
|
| ||||||||
| Carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol, median (IQR) |
13.4 (4.2-30.3) |
14.9 4.2-29.5) |
13.9 (5.0-33.7) |
11.9 (3.4-26.9) |
12.8 (4.6-30.4) |
14.0 (4.9-31.6) |
12.3 (3.9-33.1) |
11.7 (4.3-23.5) |
|
| ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 22.1 (26.3) | 21.9 (28.5) | 23.7 (25.3) | 20.6 (25.1) | 22.5 (27.3) | 23.6 (27.4) | 22.6 (27.3) | 21.2 (27.2) |
Abbreviations: BNI, brief negotiated interview; IQR, interquartile range; MOTIV, adaptation of motivational interviewing; SIP-D, Short Inventory of Problems–Modified for Drug Use.
Ranges from 0-45; higher score means more consequences.
Of 528 participants, 509 provided a sample, but 5 were insufficient for any testing, and 10 were insufficient for confirmatory testing. Thus, 494 provided a sufficient sample for complete testing. At 6mo, 485 provided a sample, but for 19 it was insufficient for any testing, and 11 were insufficient for confirmatory testing. Thus, 455 provided a sufficient sample for complete testing. Sample size for any drug use (with missing coded as positive), baseline was 509; 6mo, 485; any opioids, baseline, 467; 6mo, 412; any cocaine/benzoylecgonine, baseline, 466, 6mo, 405; any carboxytetrahydrocannabinol, baseline, 484; 6mo, 439.
Only completed when substance in question was confirmed and testing possible. For codeine, number tested was 57 at baseline and 39 at follow-up. For remaining drugs, numbers tested were, respectively: morphine, 62 and 45; 6-monoacetylmorphine, 56 and 39; oxycodone, 45 and 35; hydrocodone, 24 and 22; hydromorphone, 38 and 23; cocaine, 249 and 199; benzoylecgonine, 196 and 183; carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol, 366 and 328.