Table 3.

Pairwise F _ST values with 95% confidence intervals for n = 113 wolves in four population cluster, across n = 353 SNP loci reported as outliers (BayeScan) or associated with environmental variables (GWAS in PLINK), calculated in HierFstat with bootstrap resampling (n = 1000). All were significant at P < 0.001 excepta

Cluster (n)	Northcentral Europe (n = 60)	Ukrainian Steppe (n = 12)	Dinaric‐Balkan (n = 29)
Ukrainian Steppe (n = 12)	0.220 [0.191–0.246]	–	–
Dinaric‐Balkan (n = 29)	0.227 [0.196–0.257]	0.240 [0.213–0.269]	–
Carpathian Mountains (n = 12)	0.190 [0.155–0.226]	0.243a [0.212–0.274]	0.223 [0.187–0.256]

^a P = 0.013.