TABLE 2.
Sample Characteristics Overall and by Latent Classes
| Total Sample (N = 3,901) | Class 1: Low-Risk Gambling (LG: 81.4%) | Class 2: At-Risk Gambling Chasing (ACG: 6.0%) | Class 3: At-Risk Negative Consequences Gambling (ANCG: 63.0%) | Class 4: Problem Gambling (PrG: 0.9%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables (%) | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 48.5 | 45.3 | 78.5 | 77.7 | 64.9 |
| Race | |||||
| White | 68.3 | 70.1 | 59.8 | 40.5 | 37.8 |
| Multirace | 9.4 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 31.0 | 24.3 |
| African American | 6.8 | 6.6 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 8.1 |
| Hispanic | 7.3 | 7.1 | 10.0 | 6.9 | 10.8 |
| Other | 2.8 | 2.7 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 0.0 |
| Asian | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 4.6 | 2.7 |
| Grade | |||||
| 9th | 31.4 | 31.1 | 34.7 | 28.4 | 45.9 |
| 10th | 26.9 | 27.1 | 23.9 | 26.7 | 27.0 |
| 11th | 25.2 | 25.7 | 20.3 | 21.6 | 18.9 |
| 12th | 16.3 | 15.9 | 20.8 | 21.6 | 8.1 |
| Age, y | |||||
| <14 | 13.9 | 14.2 | 9.6 | 14.7 | 21.6 |
| 15–17 | 54.2 | 54.4 | 53.0 | 47.4 | 64.9 |
| 18+ | 10.0 | 9.6 | 14.3 | 18.1 | 2.7 |
| Grade average | |||||
| A+B | 55.0 | 59.6 | 43.0 | 37.9 | 35.1 |
| C | 29.9 | 29.5 | 35.1 | 29.3 | 35.1 |
| D+F | 12.1 | 11.1 | 17.5 | 28.4 | 27.0 |
| Family structure | |||||
| Others | 5.5 | 4.5 | 9.2 | 21.6 | 18.9 |
| 1 parent | 23.4 | 23.4 | 23.5 | 20.7 | 35.1 |
| 2 parents | 69.6 | 70.7 | 64.9 | 52.6 | 45.9 |
| Gambling variables (%) | |||||
| Form of gambling | |||||
| Strategic | 93.0 | 92.4 | 98.8 | 96.6 | 100.0 |
| Non-strategic | 68.1 | 66.7 | 76.9 | 90.5 | 70.3 |
| Machine | 38.2 | 33.6 | 74.5 | 86.2 | 73.0 |
| Location of gambling | |||||
| Online | 12.7 | 9.0 | 37.1 | 66.4 | 32.4 |
| School grounds | 24.9 | 19.9 | 65.7 | 78.4 | 48.6 |
| Casino | 6.6 | 3.9 | 14.7 | 62.9 | 27.0 |
| Gambling motivations | |||||
| Excitement | 63.2 | 31.8 | 84.9 | 78.4 | 54.1 |
| Finance | 29.4 | 24.0 | 78.1 | 77.6 | 54.1 |
| Escape | 16.5 | 12.5 | 53.0 | 65.6 | 37.8 |
| Social | 20.4 | 16.8 | 53.4 | 53.4 | 27.0 |
| Gambling urges | |||||
| Pressure to gamble | 5.5 | 21.6 | 43.1 | 16.3 | 3.3 |
| Anxiety relieved by gambling | 3.2 | 18.9 | 56.0 | 10.8 | 0.8 |
| Gambling partners | |||||
| Adults | 7.2 | 5.0 | 23.5 | 33.6 | 21.6 |
| Family | 18.4 | 16.6 | 39.0 | 30.2 | 18.9 |
| Friends | 38.4 | 34.3 | 85.7 | 60.3 | 43.2 |
| Strangers | 4.7 | 2.2 | 17.9 | 50.9 | 8.1 |
| Alone | 4.6 | 2.5 | 15.1 | 42.2 | 16.2 |
| Time spent gambling | |||||
| >1 h/wk | 2.8 | 1.1 | 7.6 | 43.1 | 10.8 |
| Age of onset of gambling | |||||
| ≤8 | 6.8 | 4.9 | 11.2 | 49.1 | 18.9 |
| 9–11 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 17.9 | 16.4 | 8.1 |
| 12–14 | 16.2 | 14.7 | 36.7 | 14.7 | 29.7 |
| 15+ | 13.6 | 12.0 | 28.7 | 10.3 | 10.8 |
| Health/functioning variables (%) | |||||
| Extracurricular activities | 75.9 | 75.8 | 78.9 | 78.4 | 56.8 |
| Substance use | |||||
| Smoking ever | |||||
| Marijuana ever | 38.0 | 36.1 | 48.6 | 74.1 | 35.1 |
| Alcohol ever | 82.0 | 82.1 | 80.9 | 83.6 | 75.7 |
| Alcohol-past 30 d | 47.6 | 45.9 | 56.2 | 75.9 | 62.2 |
| Other drug use ever | 8.5 | 6.9 | 12.4 | 48.3 | 16.2 |
| Caffeine use | |||||
| None | 17.9 | 17.7 | 19.9 | 19.0 | 21.6 |
| 1–2 | 50.5 | 52.2 | 40.6 | 21.6 | 45.9 |
| 3 or more | 24.9 | 23.6 | 33.1 | 50.0 | 18.9 |
| Aggression | |||||
| Serious fights | 19.8 | 16.8 | 37.1 | 62.1 | 45.9 |
| Carry weapon | 7.1 | 5.0 | 16.7 | 44.8 | 27.0 |
| Mood | |||||
| Depressed | 20.4 | 19.4 | 23.1 | 38.8 | 40.5 |
| Body mass index | |||||
| Normal | 61.0 | 62.1 | 56.6 | 43.1 | 43.2 |
| Underweight | 19.8 | 19.0 | 20.3 | 38.8 | 35.1 |
| Overweight | 13.4 | 13.2 | 15.1 | 12.9 | 13.5 |
| Obese | 5.8 | 5.6 | 8.0 | 5.2 | 8.1 |
ACG, at-risk chasing gambling; ANCG, at-risk negative consequences gambling; LG, low-risk gambling; PrG, problem gambling.